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Issues In Sexuality Exam #2 > Class #17 Childhood correlates of sexual orientation > Flashcards

Class #17 Childhood correlates of sexual orientation Flashcards

1
Q

To determine whether someone is sex atypical one has to first establihs what counts as Sex -typical patterns….how can this generally be done?

A

By asking boys/men and girls/women about their preffered childhood activities! Barbies/dolls or cars/trucks?

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2
Q

Is there a way we can measure child sex typical behavior?

A

Yes! with a likert scale. (0= Never, 1 = Less than half the time, 2 = Half the time, 3 = More than half the time, 4= Always).

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3
Q

What are the questions on the likert scale to determine child sex typical behavior?

A
  • How often did you play with girls?
  • How often did you play with boys?
  • How often did you play with dolls?
  • How often did you engage in rough & tumble play?
  • How often did you pretend to be a girl?
  • How often did you pretend to be a boy?
  • How often did you wear dresses?
  • How often did you cut your hair short?
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4
Q

What are the average female typical behavior scores for the graph?

A

Average FTB score = (4 + 4 + 4 + 4 ) / 4 = 4 (more likely a girl)

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5
Q

What are the average male typical behavior scores for tht graph?

A

Average MTB score = (2 + 1 + 0 + 0)/4 = 0.75 (less likely a boy)

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6
Q

Why are we considering the use of retrospective studies over prospective studies?

A

Prospective studies are carried out from the present time into the future. (longitudinal).
Retrospective studies are easier, less time consuming.

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7
Q

What is the issue with Likert type scales to prosuce this kind of knowledge on sex typical behavior in children?

A

can be difficult to conduct these types of studies with cross cultural individuals. (Samoan children for example have never expereinced these types of scales).

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8
Q

What does the pink/blue graphs tell us generally?

A

average women/girl engage in activities in pink more often than blue.
average men/boy engage in activities in blue more often than pink.

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9
Q

Child typical behaviors are NOT sterotypical…

A

This is evidence about childhoods reguardless of living in Canada, Iran, or Samoa!

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10
Q

What do the bars on the graph mean?

A

blue = male typical behavior
pink = female typical behavior

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11
Q

childhood sex typical behavior is consistent across….

A

cultures! These patterns never reverse and they dont disapear.

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12
Q

Which country is still following the pattern but the frequncy is less than other cultures?

A

japan! Womanhood and manhood are not near as pronounced as other cultures/countries.

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13
Q

Which country do females have the largest discrepancy between their female and male traits?

A

Istmo Zapotec

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14
Q

What do we see in those graphs?

A

cross culture variation but also cross culture unity!! BOTH!

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15
Q

When does childhood sex a-typicality emerge?

A

as young as 2 yrs old despite socilization efforts! Children will manifest these “non-fitting behaviors” despite “proper socializing.” It has to be consistent and precise. Not just a phase!

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16
Q

What are some important things to note of sex -atypicality in children?

A

-They have always felt “different.”
-Long before individuals experience any sexual feelings, they exhibit behavioral correlates of their adult sexual oreintation.
-Children who grow up to be non-heterosexual (gay) exhibit substancially more sex -atypicality than those who grow up to be heterosexual (straight).
-

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17
Q

What are the ways that sex-atypicality in children manifest?

A

-cross dressing and simulating the appearance of the oppisite sex.
-Desire to engage in play behavior typical of the other sex.
-Adopting the role of othe oppisite sex during make beleive play.
-preference for the oppisite sex play mates. (girls wanting to play with the boys).
-fantasizing about being the oppisite sex.
-desiring/wishing to be or beleiving that they are the oppisite sex.

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18
Q

Childhood sex atypicality in boys looks like:

A

aversion to competative sports and rough tumble play

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19
Q

What are fafafine?

A

androphilic males (transgender women) but are feminine.

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20
Q

childhood sex atypicality in girls looks like

A

aversion to wearing feminine clothing and makeup.

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21
Q

What do retrospective studies do?

A

ask people to reflect back on childhood expereinces.

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22
Q

What percentage of homosexual men recall being more sex atypical in childhood compared to the average heterosexual man?

A

89%!

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23
Q

What percentage of heterosexual men recall being more sex atypical than the average homosexual man?

A

only 2%!

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24
Q

What percentage of lesbians recall being more sex atypical in childhood than the averge heterosexual woman?

A

81%!

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25
Q

What percentage of heterosexual omen recall being more sex atypical in childhood than the averga elesbian?

A

only 12%!

26
Q

Male androphilia (gay dudes) and sex atypicality retrospecitive studies were…..

A

repeatelty replicated in multiple non-western cultures.

27
Q

Fa’afafine are s________________ exhibiting a female-typical pattern

A

sex-reversed

28
Q

Samoa is no different in sex differences but fafafine are exhibiting less male typical behavior than straight guys and higher feminine female typical behavior than heterowomen!

A

REMEMBER! IM ASSUMING THIS WILL BE ON THE EXAM

29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: most feminine little boys grow up to be normal gay dudes, not transsexuals.

A

True!

30
Q

when asked “As a child were you interested in cars, soldiers, balls and
other kinds of boys’ toys and hobbies?” lesbians had a higher “yes” response rate than heterosexual women in….

A

Brazil, Peru, Phillipines, and the USA. So these childhood sex atypical behaviors seen in lesbians are cross cultural as well!

31
Q

when asked “As a child were you interested in dolls, sewing, and other
kinds of girls’ toys and hobbies?” heterosexual women had a higher “yes” response rate than lesbians in

A

Brazil, Peru, Phillipines, and the USA. So these childhood sex atypical behaviors seen in lesbians are cross cultural as well!

32
Q

There was a prospective study done. UK study of 2,382 girls and 2,141 boys surveyed at ages 2.5, 3.5, 4.75 & 15. What were the results?

A

Girls (n = 16) who grew up to be lesbian were 12–19 times more likely to
be sex-atypical compared to heterosexual controls.
Boys (n = 24) who grew up to be gay were 20–26 times more likely to be
sex-atypical compared to heterosexual controls.

33
Q

REMEMBER

A

Sex differences in childhood behaviour & psychology exist, on average, between males & females

34
Q

REMEMBER

A

Marked sex-atypicality in childhood behavior and psychology is a strong predictor of homosexuality in adulthood, especially in males

35
Q

REMEMBER

A

Retrospective studies demonstrate that this pattern holds for many different cultures.
Prospective research corroborates the retrospective research

36
Q

REMEMBER

A

Childhood sex-atypicality in homosexual individuals manifests despite conventional socialization

37
Q

REMEMBER

A

Cross-cultural universality in certain childhood sex and sexual orientation differences suggests that biology plays a role in their manifestation

38
Q

The Istmo Zapotec are a pre-Columbian cultural
group indigenous to the Istmo region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Istmo
Zapotec recognize three genders:

A

men, women, and muxes.
Muxes — pronounced “mu-shay” are born biologically male, but live and embody traditional feminine characteristics and roles in their society.

39
Q

what are muxes?

A

muxes are biological males. Most muxes are androphilic, relatively feminine, and routinely adopt the receptive role during anal intercourse.

40
Q

remember!

A

Istmo Zapotec recognize two types of muxes: muxe
gunaa, who resemble the transgender androphilic males that are
common in many non-Western cultures, and muxe nguiiu, who
resemble the cisgender androphilic males (‘‘gay’’men) common
in Western cultures.

41
Q

what does Gomez’s study reveal?

A

suggested that elevated childhood separation anxiety is a developmental correlate of male androphilia that is cross-culturally universal and that transgender male androphils share a common biological and developmental foundation despite being different in appearance.

42
Q

remember this about Gomez’s study!

A

Similarly, cross-culturalresearchconductedinSamoaindicatesthatadult
transgender androphilic males (known locally as fa’afafine)
recalled elevated indicators of childhood separation anxiety
when compared to Samoan gynephilic males.

43
Q

childhood separation anxiety may represent a cross-cultural invariant pattern of psychosocial development in androphilic males according to….

A

gomez et al

44
Q

refers to any androphilic male who routinely adopts the receptive position during anal intercourse.

A

muxe

45
Q

which type of muxe is comparable to the Samoan fa’afafine?

A

Muxe gunaa are transgender androphilic males similar to fafafine.
They routinely dress in women’s clothing and present publically in a relatively feminine manner

46
Q

cisgender androphilic males, comparable to Western ‘‘gay’’
men, who dress in men’s clothes and present publically in a relatively masculine manner

A

muxe nguiiu

47
Q

what did gomez study predict?

A

Because heightened childhood separation anxiety is associated with elevated femaletypical behavior, we predicted that muxe gunaa would recall higher indicators of childhood separation anxiety than muxe nguiiu.

48
Q

who are both muxes attracted too?

A

both types of muxes are attracted to masculine male sexual partners

49
Q

which muxe is the transgender one ?

A

muxe gunaa

50
Q

subclinical childhood separation anxiety is a cross-culturally universal correlate of male androphilia.

A

Thats part of what the study found!

51
Q

Given that childhood anxiety can presage overprotective parenting, it seems reasonable to argue that parenting
styles—which vary across cultures such as Canada, Samoa, and
the Istmo Zapotec might moderate preexisting tendencies toward
childhood separation anxiety, but are unlikely to causet hem.

A

Remember!

52
Q

What are the core components of lesbian gender behavior? (according to Whitham?)

A

1 - patterns of overt masculinity/feminitity different from female hetero sexuals.
2- The Cross gender phenomeneon
3- heightened interest in athletics and low levels of interests in the arts.

53
Q

Whitham believes that childhood cross dressing seems quite common in lesbians wheras, Saghir and Robins disagree and find that it is a infrequent phenonmenon.

A

Interesting.

54
Q

Lesbian childhood behavior is

A

cross cultural!

55
Q

What sexual category/orietnation do lesbian girls most represent when discussing their choices in sports?

A

heterosexual men!

56
Q

For lesbians, do such occupation choices such as military and police work appear quite early?

A

Yes! Even before puberty and before there is contact made with a lesbian subculture.

57
Q

In the man who would be queen, what were the feminine points that the feminine boys exhibited?

A
  1. cross dressing.
  2. playing with dolls,
  3. taking on female roles in games such as house.
  4. relating better to girls rather than boys as peers.
  5. wishing to be girls.
  6. having below average interest in rough and timble play and sports participation.

Danny expressed 5/6. He never outright expressed wanting to be a girl.

58
Q

To be diagnosed with GID, a boy must meet 4 criteara:

A
  1. must behave in feminine ways.
  2. show signs of being unhappy as a boy
  3. his life must be substanically impacted by his symptoms.
  4. his atypical behavior cannot stem from a medical condition such as kleinfelters syndrome (extra x chromosome).
59
Q

Rekers represents the ____________wing of gender therosits and therapists.

A

right wing: Homosexuality is inferior, bad.

60
Q

Ken Zucker:

A

Middle

61
Q

Zucker emphasizes a three pronged treatment appraoch for boys with Gender Identity Disorder (GID):

A
  1. Family dynamics play a large role. So the first prong is family therapy!
  2. Therapy for the boy to help him adjust that he cannot become a girl.
  3. Is key; The barbies and other female toys have to go. These prevent the boy from accepting his maleness.
62
Q
A

Issues In Sexuality Exam #2 (6 decks)

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