Class 12 Flashcards
What is General Strain Theory (GST)?
General Strain Theory (GST) is a micro-level model on the effects of strain.
What are negative affective states in GST?
Negative affective states are adverse or negative emotions that come from strain.
What are the causes of strain according to General Strain Theory?
Failure to achieve positively valued goals
Disjunction of expectations and achievements
Removal of positively valued stimuli from one’s life
Presentation of negative stimuli
What is Cultural Deviance Theory?
Cultural Deviance Theory suggests that middle-class and lower-class groups have different values, and lower-class values may conflict with mainstream society.
What are conduct norms?
Conduct norms are behaviors expected of social group members, which fall outside general culture and society.
What is culture conflict in Cultural Deviance Theory?
Culture conflict occurs when the rules and norms of an individual’s subcultural affiliation conflict with the role demands of the society they are in.
What are focal concerns in lower-class subcultures?
Focal concerns include value orientations such as seeking excitement, trouble, smartness, personal autonomy, and fate.
According to Anderson, what are the two different lower-class value systems?
The two lower-class value systems are:
- “Decent”
- “The streets”
Which of the following is not a value typically associated with middle-class culture?
a. Hard work
b. Formal education
c. Immediate gratification
d. Caution
c. Immediate gratification
Explanation: Middle-class culture generally emphasizes values such as hard work, formal education, and caution. Immediate gratification is typically associated with lower-class subcultures, which may prioritize short-term rewards over long-term planning.
Why is lower-class culture not sufficient to explain criminality?
Lower-class culture alone does not fully explain criminality because bias and marginalization in the criminal justice system (CJS) must also be considered.
Are most lower-class individuals criminals?
No, most members of the lower class are not criminals, meaning environment alone cannot be the sole explanation for criminal behavior.
What has research found about delinquent youth and middle-class values?
Some research suggests that delinquent youth share values with middle-class youths, challenging the idea that deviance is strictly tied to lower-class culture.
Do lower-class groups always reject middle-class values?
No, many lower-class groups still hold middle-class values, such as being tough on crime and supporting more police presence.
