Class 1 Vocabulary

Question 1

Planning

Answer 1

Defining goals and objectives for the organization, developing strategies, using budgets to allocate resources and setting policies and procedures. There are levels of planning based on the time dimension: operational planning is for this year, tactical for next year and strategic for 2-5 years out.

Question 2

Organizing

Answer 2

Involves work arrangements, establishing organizational structures, creating authority and responsibility relationships for task accomplishments

Question 3

Controlling

Answer 3

Includes developing performance standards, establishing reporting systems, monitoring activities and making corrections.

Question 4

Directing

Answer 4

Includes the use of influence and rewards to motivate employees, as well as delegation and coordination of efforts.

Question 5

Staffing

Answer 5

Encompasses the recruitment, selection and training of personnel

Question 6

Effectiveness

Answer 6

the degree to which an organization realizes its goals. “Are we doing the right things?”

Question 7

Efficiency

Answer 7

The amount of resource used to produce a unit of output. “are we doing things right?”

Question 8

Transformational Leadership

Answer 8

Involves a leader-follower exchange relationship in which the followers feel trust, loyalty, and respect towards the leader, and are motivated to do more than originally expected.

Question 9

Idealized Influence (Attributes)

Answer 9

A facet of transformational leadership, which describes leaders who are exemplary role models for associates. Leaders are admired and respected, and followers want to emulate them.

Question 10

Idealized Influence (Behaviors)

Answer 10

A facet of transformational leadership, which describes leaders who can be counted on to do the right thing through high ethical and moral standards.

Question 11

Inspirational Motivation

Answer 11

Is a behavior facet of transformational leadership, which describes leaders who motivate and inspire followers to commit to the vision of the organization. Leaders with inspirational motivation behave in ways that encourage team spirit, and provide meaning and challenge to their follower’s work.

Question 12

Intellectual Stimulation

Answer 12

Is a behavior facet of transformational leadership, which describes leaders who encourage innovation and creativity through challenging the normal beliefs or views of their followers. Leaders with intellectual stimulation promote critical thinking and problem-solving to make the organization better.

Question 13

Individual Consideration

Answer 13

Is a behavior facet of transformational leadership, which describes leaders who act as coaches, facilitators, teachers and mentors to their followers. Leaders with individual consideration encourage followers, provide continuous feedback, and link the follower’s current needs to the organization’s mission.

Question 14

Transactional Leadership

Answer 14

Involves the leader-follower exchange relationship in which the followers receives some reward related to lower-order needs in return for compliance with the leader’s expectations.

Question 15

Contingent Reward

Answer 15

Is a behavior facet of transactional leadership, which describes leaders who engage in a constructive path-goal transaction of reward for performance. Leaders clarify expectations, exchange promises and resources, arrange mutually satisfactory agreements, negotiate for resources, exchange assistance for effort, and provide recommendations for successful follower performance.

Question 16

Management-By-Exception (Active)

Answer 16

Is a behavior facet of transactional leadership, which describes leaders who monitor followers performance and take corrective action if deviation from standards occur. They enforce rules to avoid mistakes.

Question 17

Management-By-Exception (Passive)

Answer 17

Is a behavior facet of passive leadership, which describes leaders who fail to intervene until problems become serious. They wait for mistakes to be brought to their attention before they take corrective action.

Question 18

Laissez-Faire

Answer 18

Describes the absence of leadership. A person in a leadership that avoids making decisions and carrying out their supervisory responsibilities exemplifies it. They are not reactive or proactive, but inactive and passive in their leadership role. Absence of leadership.

Question 19

Multi factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)

Answer 19

One of the most widely used measurements of leadership. The 45 question inventory provides scores for transformational, transactional and passive (formerly Laissez-faire) leadership.

Question 20

Model the Way

Answer 20

Leaders establish principles concerning the way people (constituents, peers, colleagues) should be treated and the way goals should be pursed. They create standards of excellence & then set an example for others to follow. Because the prospect of complex change can overwhelm people & stifle action, they set interim goals so that people can achieve small wins as they work towards larger objectives. They unravel bureaucracy when it impedes action; they put up sign posts when people are unsure of where to go or how to get there; and they create opportunities for victory.

Question 21

Inspire a Shared Vision

Answer 21

Leaders passionately believe that they can make a difference. They envision the future, creating an ideal and unique image of what organization can become. Through their magnetism and quiet persuasion, leaders enlist others in their dreams. They breathe life into their visions and get people to see exciting possibilities for the future.

Question 22

Challenge the Process

Answer 22

Leaders search for opportunities to change the status quo. They look for innovative ways to improve the organization. In doing so, they experiment and take risks. And because leaders know that risk taking involves mistakes and failures, they accept the inevitable disappointments as learning opportunities.

Question 23

Enable others to Act

Answer 23

Leaders foster collaboration and build spirited teams. They actively involve others. Leaders understand that mutual respect is what sustains extraordinary efforts; they strive to create an atmosphere of trust and human dignity. They strengthen others, making each person feel capable and powerful.

Question 24

Encourage the Heart

Answer 24

Accomplishing extraordinary things in organizations is hard work. To keep hope and determination alive, leaders recognize contributions that individuals make. In every winning team, the members need to share in the rewards of their efforts, so leaders celebrate accomplishments. They make people feel like heroes.

Question 25

Variable

Answer 25

Any quantity that may take on several points on a dimension

Question 26

Dependent Variable

Answer 26

A variable whose changes are the consequences of changes in other variables

Question 27

Independent Variable

Answer 27

A variable that is manipulated in an experiment whose changes are considered to be the cause of changes in other variables (the dependent variables); variables selected in a survey for the same purpose

Question 28

Categorical Variable

Answer 28

A variable that has mutually exclusive (named) groups that lacks intrinsic order. Gender, ethnicity, or political affiliation are examples of categorical variables

Question 29

Continuous Variables

Answer 29

A variable that is “a number”. Age, height, score on an exam, response on a Likert scale on a survey are all continuous variables. Can be ordinal, interval, or ratio types.

Question 30

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 30

The relationship between two variables obtained from the same set of cases. It can range from +1.00 through 0.00 to -1.00. It is the ratio of how much one (standardized) variable’s changes coincide with the changes in the other (standardized) variables. Both independent and dependent variables are continuous.

Question 31

T-Test

Answer 31

A statistical test of the difference of means of 2 groups. The dependent variable is continuous, the independent variable is categorical and there are only 2 groups.