Class 1 Flashcards
What 3 things make up the posterior aspect of the abdomen?
lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral discs and inferior ribs
4 quadrants of abdomen
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
What 2 imaginary lines separate the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
transumbilical and midline
9 regions of the abdomen
R+L hypochondriac epigastric R+L lumbar umbilical R+L iliac hypogastric
What lines separate the 9 regions of the abdomen?
transcostal, midclavicular lines and transtubercular
Organs present in right hypochondriac
liver, gallbladder, duodenum
Organs present in epigastric region
pyloris, duodenum, head of liver
Organs present in Left hypochondriac
spleen, stomach, pancreas tail
Right lumbar regions organs
ascending colon, jejunum and right kidney
Umbilical region organs
jejunum and ileum, lower duodenum and aorta and iliac arteries
Right iliac region organs
caecum, appendix, ileum
Hypogastric region organs
uterus, bladder, ileum
Left iliac region organs
left ureter, sigmoid colon, left ovary
3 flat abdominal wall muscles
transversus abdominis, internal and external oblique
Innervation of abdominal wall muscles
ventral rami T7-11
Rectus abdominis action
flexion of lumbar spine
Transversus abdominis action
compress abdominal contents
External oblique action
contralateral rotation of torso
Internal oblique action
bilateral = compress abdomen unilateral = ipsilateral trunk rotation
Difference with abdominal muscles below and above umbilicus
above they run infront and behind whereas below they only run anteriorly
What is the aponeurosis of the 3 flat muscles called?
rectus sheath
Vertebral level of umbilicus
L3/4
Dermatome of umbilicus
T10
When is the inguinal canal formed?
Relocation of gonads as anterior abdominal wall push through and form a canal
Length of inguinal canal?
4cm
What does the inguinal canal run parallel to?
inguinal ligament
What 2 bony points is the inguinal ligament connected to?
anterior superior iliac spine
pubic tubercle
What are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal called?
deep and superficial inguinal ring
Male contents of inguinal canal
spermatic cord
ilioinguinal nerve
blood vessels and lymphatics
Female contents of inguinal canal
round ligament of uterus
ilioinguninal nerve, blood vessels, lymphatics
2 types of inguinal hernias
indirect or direct
What inguinal hernia is due to congenital weakness? where?
indirect - deep inguinal ring
Indirect inguinal hernia - what happens?
abdominal contents enter into inguinal canal and even out of deep inguinal ring
Direct inguinal canal - what happens?
contents push through posterior wall into inguinal canal and possibly out of superficial inguinal ring
Where do femoral hernias occur?
below inguinal ligament
What type of hernias is strangulation high? Common in male or female?
femoral - more common in females
What can contribute to weakness in abdominal wall in umbilical hernias?
linea alba fibres abnormal
In adults are umbilical hernias congenital or acquired?
acquired
4 layers of GI tract histology
Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
submucosa
muscularis externa - longitudinal and circular
serosa/adventitia
4 basic mucosal types in GI tract (function) and their site
protective eg oesophagus, anal canal
secretory - stomach only
absorptive - small intestine
absorptive and protective - large intestine
Protective epithelium
stratified squamous
Secretory epithelium
simple columnar