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Central Nervous System Tx > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstem and Spinal cord - which part of nervous system

Neurology review

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System contains what 3 systems

Neurology review

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
  2. Enteric Nervous System
  3. Somatic Nervous System
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3
Q

Which 2 systems does the Autonomic nervous system contain?

Neurology review

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
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4
Q

Which nervous system being described?

Autonomic Nervous System

Neurology review

A

Involuntary, sensory from visceral organs,

motor to smooth muscles/cardiac muscles & glands

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5
Q

Which nervous system being described?

Enteric Nervous System

Neurology review

A

Involuntary, sensory from chemical changes in the GI tract & stretch,

motor to smooth muscles

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6
Q

Which nervous system being described?

Somatic Nervous System

Neurology review

A

Consciously controlled & voluntary,

sensory receptors & motor neurons to skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Cranial nerves exit where?

CNS ANATOMY

A

Brainstem

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8
Q

Nerve roots exit where?

CNS ANATOMY

A

Spinal cord

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9
Q

Spinal cord carries signals b/w what?

CNS ANATOMY

A

Brain and peripheral nerves

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10
Q

Which part of brain?

  • Continuous with SC
  • Contains:
    medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN

A

Brain Stem

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11
Q

Which part of brain?

Posterior to brain stem

MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN

A

Cerebellum

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12
Q

Which part of brain?

Superior to brain stem
Contains: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN

A

Diencephalon

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13
Q

Which part of brain?

Largest part of brain, sits on diencephalon

MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN

A

Cerebrum

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14
Q

Where do cranial nerves enter/exit

CRANIAL NERVES

A

Skull (cranium)

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15
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have?

CRANIAL NERVES

A

12

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16
Q

What are motor pathways responsible for?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A
  • Transmission of signals from brain to muscles
  • Leads to voluntary mm movements
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17
Q

What are the two main primary motor pathways?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A
  1. Corticospinal pathway
  2. Extrapyramidal pathway
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18
Q

Damage/disruptions to motor pathways can cause?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A

motor impairments:
weakness, tremors, difficulties controlling movements

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19
Q

Where does the corticospinal pathway originate from?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A

Primary motor cortex of the brain

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20
Q

What does the corticospinal pathway consist of and travel through?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A

Upper motor neurons that travel through internal capsule, brainstem, spinal cord

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21
Q

What do the upper motor neurons do in the corticospinal pathway?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A

Synapse with lower motor neurons in spinal cord, which transmit signals to muscles

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22
Q

What does the Extrapyramidal pathway contain?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A

Multiple subcortical nuclei and brain regions outside primary motor cortex

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23
Q

What does the extrapyramidal pathway play a role in?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A

Coordinating and regulating muscle tone, posture, involuntrary movement

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24
Q

How does the extrapyramidal pathway connections differ from corticospinal?

MOTOR PATHWAYS

A

More complex and indirect connections

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25
How does muscle contraction occur? ## Footnote CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
* When LMN receive signals from UMN * Transmit electrical impulses to skeletal mm
26
What is a dermatome? ## Footnote DERMATOMES & MYOTOMES
Area of skin supplied by sensory fibers from single spinal nerve
27
What do dermatomes do? ## Footnote DERMATOMES & MYOTOMES
Transmit sensory information from skin to spinal cord then brain
28
What are myotomes? ## Footnote DERMATOMES & MYOTOMES
Group of mm innervated by single spinal nerve
29
What do myotomes do? ## Footnote DERMATOMES & MYOTOMES
Motor neurons in spinal cord send signals to specific mm enabling movement
30
# Primary actions of these? C1/C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 ## Footnote DERMATOME & MYOTOME DANCE
C1/C2: neck flexion/extension C3: neck lateral flexion C4: shoulder elevation C5: shoulder abduction C6: elbow flexion/wrist extension C7: elxbow extension/wrist flexion C8: Thumb extension/finger flexion
31
# Primary actions of these? T1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 ## Footnote DERMATOME & MYOTOME DANCE
T1: finger abduction L2: hip flexion L3: knee extension L4: ankle dorsiflexion L5: big toe extension S1: ankle plantarflexion/ ankle eversion/ hip extension S2: knee flexion
32
What is the purpose of DTR testing? ## Footnote DEEP TENDON REFLEXES
* Confirm integrity of spinal cord * Differentiate b/w UMNL and LMNL
33
Hyperactive DTR means ## Footnote DEEP TENDON REFLEXES
CNS lesions
34
Hypoactive DTR means? ## Footnote DEEP TENDON REFLEXES
PNS, spinal roots, plexus
35
UMN = LMN = ## Footnote DEEP TENDON REFLEXES
UMN = Increase reflexes LMN = Decreased reflexes
36
# Which DTR is associated? C5 C6 C7 L4 S1 ## Footnote SPECIAL TESTS
C5 - Biceps Brachii C6 - Brachioradialis C7 - Triceps Brachii L4 - Quadriceps and Patellar S1 - Gastrocs/Soleus - Achillies
37
# DTR Grading ratings? 0 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ ## Footnote SPECIAL TESTS
0: Absent 1+: Trace 2+: Normal 3+: Brisk 4+: No sustained clonus (very brisk) 5+: Sustained Clonus
38
Location ## Footnote UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION (UMN):
Within CNS - brain or spinal cord
39
Effect on muscle tone ## Footnote UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION (UMN):
* Increased tone (hypertonia) * Stiffness, resistance to passive movement
40
Reflexes ## Footnote UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION (UMN):
Hyperactive reflexes, exaggerated or abnormal
41
Spasticity ## Footnote UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION (UMN):
Sudden mm contractions or spasms
42
Weakness or paralysis ## Footnote UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION (UMN):
Can occur due to disruption of signals
43
Examples of conditions? ## Footnote UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION (UMN):
Stroke, traumatic brain injury, MS, cerebral palsy
44
Location ## Footnote Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMN)
PNS - Nerves from spinal cord to mm
45
Effect on mm tone ## Footnote Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMN)
* Decreased tone (hypotonia) * Floppy and lacking resistance to passive movement
46
Reflexes ## Footnote Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMN)
Reduced or absent
47
Atrophy ## Footnote Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMN)
May show signs due to lack of neural input
48
Weakness or paralysis ## Footnote Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMN)
Severe weakness/paralysis can occur due to disruption of signals
49
Examples of conditions ## Footnote Lower Motor Neuron Lesion (LMN)
ALS, Spinal muscular atrophy, peripheral nerve injuries, neuropathy
50
Typical results of UMNL LNML ## Footnote DIFFERENCES & SIMILARITIES
UMN - Increased mm tone, hyperactive reflexes, spasticity LMN - Decreased mm tone, reduced/absent reflexes
51
Resistance of limb to passive movement, abnormal increase in mm tone or stiffness ## Footnote NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Spasticity
52
Resistance throughout ROM due to overfiring of UMN ## Footnote NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Rigidity
53
Hypertonic state throughout ROM, simultaneous co-contraction of agonist + antagonist ## Footnote NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Lead- pipe rigidity
54
Hypertonic state w/ ratchet-like jerkiness ## Footnote NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
cogwheel rigidity
55
decrease or loss of normal mm tone due to deterioration of LMN ## Footnote GENERAL SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Flaccidity aka hypotonicity
56
Dysarthria
defective speech due to muscular dysfunction, mental function is intact
57
Dyskinesia
a defect in the ability to perform voluntary movement
58
Dysmnesia
any impairment in memory
59
Dysphagia
inability to swallow
60
Dysphasia
impairment of speech resulting from brain lesion
61
Dyspnea
laboured difficult breathing
62
Dyspraxia
a disturbance in control and execution of voluntary movement
63
Dystonia
prolonged muscle contraction that causes twisting and repetitive movement or abnormal posture
64
Dysesthesia
abnormal sensation on the skin
65
Ataxia
defective muscular coordination
66
Paresthesia
sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling
67
Dysreflexia
individual with T6 or higher spinal cord injury experiences a life threatening uninhibited sympathetic response of the nervous system to a noxious stimulus
68
Aphasia
inability to speak; may be due to lack of comprehension of words as opposed to dysphasia (inability to coordinate muscles of speech)
69
Paralysis
temporary or permanent loss of function especially loss of sensation and voluntary control. Can be spastic (upper motor neuron) or flaccid (lower motor neuron)
70
What is a reflex?
Involuntary, or automatic, action that the body does in response to a stimulus, without awareness Neonatal reflexes or primitive reflexes are the inborn behavioral patterns that develop during uterine life They should be fully present at birth and gradually inhibited by higher centers of the brain as the infant grows and develops
71
3 types of developmental reflexes
* General body reflexes * Facial reflexes * Oral reflexes
72
Developmental reflex's are retained with?
some learning disorders, ADHD, autism spectrum

Central Nervous System Tx (11 decks)

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