CLA | Spoken language- key theories Flashcards
In 1974, what did Alan Cruttenden study?
What did it conclude?
He investigated how intonation affected a child’s understanding, by examining sport commentator’s intonation.
His findings suggest that, in terms of intonation, children below the age of seven were less skilled at interpretation than adults
What did Katherine Nelson study in 1973?
She found that nouns represented 60% of a child’s first 50
words.
She divided children’s first utterances into four categories:
Naming (e.g. ball, dad, dog)
Action ( e.g. give, stop, up)
Modifying (e.g. more, dirty)
Social (e.g. bye-bye, no)
Social represented just 8% of words.
According to Berko and Brown, what did the fis phenomenon conclude?
Children can distinguish and hear more than they can say.
What is overextension?
Widening the meaning of a word so it applies not just to the actual object, but other objects with similar properties.
What is underextension?
Narrowing the meaning of a word, ignoring the other objects that do fit into that category.
What are Aitchison’s (1987) three steps of network building?
- Labelling
- Packaging
- Network building
According to Aitchison, what is labelling?
Attaching words to objects.
According to Aitchison, what is packaging?
In trying to discover the boundaries of the label, the child is likely to over or underextend.
According to Aitchison, what is network building?
Identifying connections between objects.
Who divided overextensions into three types?
Leslie Rescorla
What are Rescorla’s 3 types of overextension?
Categorical overextension, analogical overextension and mismatch statements.
What is Categorical extension?
The name for one member of a category is extended to refer to all members of the category, e.g ‘Apple’ is used for all round fruits.
What is Analogical extension?
A word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that it has some physical or functional connection,e.g ‘Ball’ is used for round fruits.
What are Mismatch statements?
One word sentences that appear quite abstract; child
makes a statement about one object in relation to another,e.g saying ‘duck’ when looking at an empty pond.
What theorist does behaviourism belong to?
Skinner
What are the three ABC’S of behaviour?
Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence
In ABC, what does Antecedent mean?
Antecedents are all the things that happen leading up to a behaviour e.g feeling tired may increase the likeliness of a certain behaviour.
In ABC, what does Behaviour mean?
What happened- what did the child say/do?
In ABC, what does Consequence mean?
The consequence is what happens immediately after the child’s behaviour. It may be what someone does as a reaction to the behaviour, such as giving attention.
What is behaviourism?
Children are conditioned to learn language.
According to Skinner, what is positive reinforcement?
Rewarding the child after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again.