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A-Level English Language > CLA | Spoken language- key theories > Flashcards

CLA | Spoken language- key theories Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1974, what did Alan Cruttenden study?

What did it conclude?

A

He investigated how intonation affected a child’s understanding, by examining sport commentator’s intonation.

His findings suggest that, in terms of intonation, children below the age of seven were less skilled at interpretation than adults

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2
Q

What did Katherine Nelson study in 1973?

A

She found that nouns represented 60% of a child’s first 50
words.

She divided children’s first utterances into four categories:

Naming (e.g. ball, dad, dog)

Action ( e.g. give, stop, up)

Modifying (e.g. more, dirty)

Social (e.g. bye-bye, no)

Social represented just 8% of words.

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3
Q

According to Berko and Brown, what did the fis phenomenon conclude?

A

Children can distinguish and hear more than they can say.

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4
Q

What is overextension?

A

Widening the meaning of a word so it applies not just to the actual object, but other objects with similar properties.

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5
Q

What is underextension?

A

Narrowing the meaning of a word, ignoring the other objects that do fit into that category.

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6
Q

What are Aitchison’s (1987) three steps of network building?

A
  1. Labelling
  2. Packaging
  3. Network building
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7
Q

According to Aitchison, what is labelling?

A

Attaching words to objects.

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8
Q

According to Aitchison, what is packaging?

A

In trying to discover the boundaries of the label, the child is likely to over or underextend.

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9
Q

According to Aitchison, what is network building?

A

Identifying connections between objects.

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10
Q

Who divided overextensions into three types?

A

Leslie Rescorla

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11
Q

What are Rescorla’s 3 types of overextension?

A

Categorical overextension, analogical overextension and mismatch statements.

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12
Q

What is Categorical extension?

A

The name for one member of a category is extended to refer to all members of the category, e.g ‘Apple’ is used for all round fruits.

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13
Q

What is Analogical extension?

A

A word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that it has some physical or functional connection,e.g ‘Ball’ is used for round fruits.

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14
Q

What are Mismatch statements?

A

One word sentences that appear quite abstract; child
makes a statement about one object in relation to another,e.g saying ‘duck’ when looking at an empty pond.

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15
Q

What theorist does behaviourism belong to?

A

Skinner

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16
Q

What are the three ABC’S of behaviour?

A

Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence

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17
Q

In ABC, what does Antecedent mean?

A

Antecedents are all the things that happen leading up to a behaviour e.g feeling tired may increase the likeliness of a certain behaviour.

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18
Q

In ABC, what does Behaviour mean?

A

What happened- what did the child say/do?

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19
Q

In ABC, what does Consequence mean?

A

The consequence is what happens immediately after the child’s behaviour. It may be what someone does as a reaction to the behaviour, such as giving attention.

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20
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

Children are conditioned to learn language.

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21
Q

According to Skinner, what is positive reinforcement?

A

Rewarding the child after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again.

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22
Q

According to Skinner, what is negative reinforcement?

A

When someone learns to perform a certain action to cease something uncomfortable/painful, meaning they will do this in the future to avoid this.

23
Q

Fill in the blanks: Skinner viewed babies as ‘_____ ______ which language had to be ‘____ __ __’.

A

‘empty vessels’
‘put in to’

24
Q

Fill in the blanks: Skinner said
children learn ___________ from their ___________ and ____________ of their ________.

A

language
environment
consequences
action

25
Q

True or false? Skinner would say that a child learns language through positive reinforcement.

A

True

26
Q

Fill in the blanks: Skinner would suggest that the child will not progress from _________ to ________ unless the _______ shape the child’s language __________.

A

babbling
language
parents
behaviour

27
Q

Who created the wug test?

A

Berko-Gleason

28
Q

What did Berko-Gleason’s test conclude?

A

The children demonstrated an innate ability to apply grammatical rules and create plural forms for novel or unfamiliar words.

29
Q

What does theory did Chomsky subscribe to?

A

Nativism

30
Q

What does Nativism believe?

A

That the ability to learn language is innate within a child’s brain.

31
Q

True or False? Chomsky’s theory challenged the Behaviourist
theory.

A

True

32
Q
A
33
Q

Chomsky proposed that every child is born with the _______ to
speak ‘______________’ into their ______; it is ‘_______’ within
us.
He called this the Language ___________ Device, or _______.

A

ability
programmed
brains
native
acquisition
L.A.D

34
Q

Name 1 out of 3 things that Nativism explains.

A

The impressive speed at which children learn to speak (sponges).

The fact that children from different cultures pass through the same stages of development.

The existence of grammatical features that are common to all/many languages.

35
Q

What is Universal Grammar, according to Chomsky?

A

Highly specific grammatical rules built into our heads from birth.

36
Q

True or false: Bruner developed Chomsky’s idea of nativism?

A

True

37
Q

What specifically is Bruner concerned with?

A

Cognitive development and educational psychology.

38
Q

Chomsky came up with the idea for the L.A.D- so what did Bruner come up with?

A

The L.A.S.S (language acquisition support party)

39
Q

What theory does Piaget subscribe to?

A

Cognitivism

40
Q

What is cognitivism?

A

Language is a symbolic representation which allows a child to understand the world.

41
Q

What does Halliday claim?

A

That children acquire language because it serves certain purposes or functions for them.

42
Q

List Halliday’s seven functions of child’s speech needs.

A

Instrumental
Regulatory
Interactional
Personal
Representational
Heuristic
Imaginative

43
Q

What is the babbling stage?

A

Occurs from around 4-6 months until about 12 months of age.

During this stage, the child hears speech syllables (sounds that make up spoken language) from its environment and caregivers and attempts to imitate by repeating them

44
Q

What is the holophrastic stage?

A

Occurs around the age of 12 to 18 months.

At this stage, children have identified which words and combinations of syllables are the most effective for communicating and may attempt to communicate a full sentence’s worth of information.

45
Q

What is the nature vs nurture debate in regards to CLA?

A

Some linguists argue that environment and upbringing are key in language acquisition (nurture) whilst others argue that genetics and other biological factors are most important (nature).

46
Q

According to Nelson, nouns make up what % of a child’s vocabulary?

A

60

47
Q

According to Piaget, what is object permanence?

A

Piaget examined what he called “object permanence”. This is the ability to recognise that an object exists even if you cannot actually see it. It requires the capacity to form a mental representation of the object.

He observed that this starts in a child’s first year, but is not complete until 18
months. At this point, there is a sharp increase in a child’s vocabulary.

48
Q

According to Vygotsky, what is the ZPD?

A

The sweet spot of learning,just beyond the student’s
current capability of learning. Instruction is most beneficial.

49
Q

Instrumental function?

A

Language that is used to fulfil a need, such as to obtain food, drink or comfort.

50
Q

Regulatory function?

A

Language that is used to influence the behaviour of others including persuading, commanding or requesting.

51
Q

Interactional function?

A

Language that is used to develop relationships and ease interaction.

52
Q

Personal function?

A

Language that expresses personal opinions, attitudes and feelings including a speaker’s identity.

53
Q

Representational function?

A

Language that is used to relay or request information.

54
Q

Heuristic function?

A

Language that is used to explore, learn and discover.

A-Level English Language (5 decks)

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