CLA | Spoken Language- everything else

Question 1

What is a phoneme?

Answer 1

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in speech.

Question 2

Pre-verbal stage:

Answer 2

2+ months: Comfort sounds-crying and coughing.

2-6 months: Reactions to parental voice and actions. Cooing. First stages of laughter.

4-7 months: Participate in vocal play with people speaking directly to the child.

Question 3

Holophrastic stage:

Answer 3

12-18 months: also known as the one word stage.

The majority of words are nouns (approx. 50%) verbs and modifiers are also emerging.

A further understanding of phonology is formed as babies can now distinguish different
sounds and tones.

Question 4

Two word stage:

Answer 4

18-24 months: Child begins to make syntactical structures (sentences with meaning) and develop standard English.

E.g. Mummy + wave = syntactical structure

Question 5

Telegraphic stage:

Answer 5

24-36 months: Child’s vocabulary increases: 20-30 new words / day.

Three or more words join together and more complex speech is developed. The most important content words are used but some key language is missed, such as articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and conjunctions

Issues such as overextension (over generalisation) begin to occur.

Question 6

Post telegraphic stage:

Answer 6

36+ months: Majority of words are now understood and used correctly. Increased awareness of grammatical rules and irregularities of speech.

Discourse: Conversation develops, tone is fully recognised and applied in their own speech.

Pragmatics: The concept of politeness is understood.

More clauses are used to develop a range of sentence types and syntax (well formed sentences).

Lexis: Auxiliary verbs, determiners and prepositions are understood.

Question 7

What is a virtuous error?

Answer 7

Mistakes made by young children in which a non-standard
utterance reveals some understanding, though incomplete, of standard syntax.

Question 8

What is a grapheme?

Answer 8

The written symbol for a letter (the alphabet).

Question 9

What does paralinguistic mean?

Answer 9

The aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words. Such as: tone, pitch, facial expressions.

Question 10

What are modal verbs?

Answer 10

Verbs that show the possibilities of something: should, might, perhaps, could etc.

Question 11

What is a proto-word?

Answer 11

Sounds which are approximations of real words.

Question 12

What is a holophrase?

Answer 12

Using a single utterance to express a variety of grammatical meanings

Question 13

At what age does a child know about 2000 words?

Answer 13

5

Question 14

How many words can a child say at about 12-18 months?

Answer 14

50

Question 15

How many words is in a child’s productive vocabulary at 24 months?

Answer 15

200

Question 16

How many words does a child learn a day?

Answer 16

5-10

Question 17

What is overextension?

Answer 17

Widening the meaning of a word so it applies not just to the actual object, but other objects with similar properties.

Question 19

What is underextension?

Answer 19

Narrowing the meaning of a word, ignoring the other objects
that do fit into that category.

Question 19

What is hyponymy?

Answer 19

The hierarchical structure that exists between lexical items.

Question 19

What is a hypernym?

Answer 19

A more general word that can have more specific words under, e.g clothes.

Question 19

What is a hyponym?

Answer 19

A more specific word in a wider category, e.g socks.

Question 20

What are proto-conversations?

Answer 20

A basic form of scaffolding before the child can function as an effective producer of language.

Question 20

What is scaffolding?

Answer 20

A form of linguistic support; adults provide the child with conversational material and patterning.

Question 20

What is framing?

Answer 20

Controlling the agenda of a
conversation, or making utterances that allow the child to fill in the blanks.

Question 21

What is recasting?

Answer 21

The rephrasing and extending of a child’s utterance.

Question 22

What is child directed speech?

Answer 22

Child Directed Speech is the speech used to facilitate children’s
language development.

It is a form of adapted language where the adult helps the child to
learn language by making their input accessible to the child.

Question 23

List 3/7 features of CDS:

Answer 23

Higher pitch of voice.

More pronounced intonation that draws attention to key morphemes or lexemes.

Simplified vocabulary that helps establish keywords.

Repetition or repeated sentence frames.

Simplified grammar.

Fewer verbs /modifiers.

Concrete nouns.

Question 24

Name 5 virtuous errors.

Answer 24

Addition, deletion, substitution, over extension, under
extension.

Question 25

‘How are you today?’ ‘I’m well, thank you.’ What type of
conversational turn taking is this?

Answer 25

Adjacency pairs /Phatic talk.