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RLH MRCS > CL Anatomy > Flashcards

CL Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of temoporal bone

A

Squamous, petrous, mastoid, tympanic

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2
Q

What attaches to superior and inferior temporal lines?

A

Temporalis (Mandibular nerve V3)

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3
Q

What opens onto the temporal bone?

A

External auditory meatus

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4
Q

What bony prominence lies posterior to the external acoustic

A

Mastoid process

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5
Q

Clinical significance of the communication between middle ea

A

Chronic otitis media can result in infection of the mastoid process of the temporal bone

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6
Q

What is the bony protuberance from the temporal bone anterio

A

Styloid process

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7
Q

What bones articulate at the pterion?

A

Forntal, temporal, parietal, sphenoid

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8
Q

What bones form the floor of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bones

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9
Q

In what bone is the cribiform plate, what passes through it

A
  1. Ethmoid bone2. Olfactory nerves3. Fracture results in CSF leak- rhinorrhoea
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10
Q

What is the bony projection upwards in the midline of the et

A
  1. Crista galli2. Attachment of falx cerebri3. Foramen cecum (passes to nasal cavity)
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11
Q

What part of the brain lies in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes

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12
Q

Borders of middle cranial fossa?AnteriorlyPosteriorlyLateral

A

Anterior: Greater and lesser wings of sphenoidPosterior: Petrous temporal boneLateral: Squamous temporal bone, parietal bone, greater wing of sphenoidFloor: Temporal bones, greater wing of sphenoid

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13
Q

3 structures passing into orbit from middle cranial fossa vi

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA)

Central retinal vein

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14
Q

Structures passing through superior orbital fissure

A

Occulomotor nerveOphthalmic veins- superior and inferiorTrochlear nerveOphthalmic nerve (V1)Abducens nerve

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15
Q

Foramen rotundum connects which 2 spaces?What does it transm

A

Pterygopalatine fossa and middle cranial fossaMaxillary nerve (V2)

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16
Q

Foramen ovale connects which 2 spaces?What does it transmit?

A

Middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossaMandibular nerve (V3), accessory meningeal artery

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17
Q

Foramen spinosum connects which 2 spaces and transmits what

A

Middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossaMiddle meningeal artery

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18
Q

What opening lies medial to foramen ovale and spinosum? What

A

Foramen lacerumNothing!

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19
Q

What do the ridges on the anterior petrous temporal bone tra

A

Greater and lesser petrosal nerves

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20
Q

Path and function of greater petrosal nerve?

A

Efferent fibres of parasympathetic fibres from facial nerve to lacrimal gland. Facial nerve damage causes dry eyes!

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21
Q

Path and function of lesser petrosal nerve?

A

Via otic ganglion to join chorda tympani and supply taste to anterior 2/3 tongue

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22
Q

What space lies inferior to sella turcica?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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23
Q

What attaches to the posterior cliniod processes?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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24
Q

What part of the brain lies in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cerebellum and brainstem

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25
Q

Borders of posterior cranial fossa?AnteriorPosteriorFloorRoo

A

Anterior: Petrois temporal bone, occipital bonePosterior: Occipital boneFloor: Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal boneRoof: Tentorium cerebelli

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26
Q

What 3 structures pass through internal auditory meatus?

A

Facial nerveVestibulocochlear nerveLabyrinthine artery

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27
Q

What cranial foramen lies between petrous temporal bone and

A

Jugular foramen

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28
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Inferior petrosal sinus and Sigmoid sinus-> internal jugular veinGlossopharyngeal nerveVagus nerveAccessory nerve

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29
Q

Where is the hypoglossal canal relative to the jugular foram

A

Medial

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30
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Brainstem (medulla)Spinal accessory nerveVertebral arteriesAnterior and posterior spinal arteryVenous plexus of vertebral canal

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31
Q

Contents of cavernous sinus

A

Occulomotor nerve- lateralTrochlear nerve- lateralOphthalmic nerve (V1)- lateralMaxillary nerve (V2)- lateralInternal carotid artery- medialAbducens nerve -medial

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32
Q

Structures passing through foramen ovale

A

Otic ganglionV3- mandibular nerveAccessory meningeal arteryLesser petrosal nerve (passes to tongue for taste with chorda tympani)Emissary veins

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33
Q

What foramen lies just anterior to styloid process and what

A

Stylomastoid foramenFacial nerve exits skull via this pathway

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34
Q

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

A

Infraorbital nerve, artery and veinNerve is a branch of V2

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35
Q

What passes through zygomatic foramen?

A

Zygomaticofacial nerve and vesselsNerve is a branch of V2

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36
Q

What passes through the mental foramen?

A

Mental nerve (branch of V3)Mental artery and vein

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37
Q

What passes from infratemporal fossa to orbit via inferior o

A

Zygomatic nerve, branch of V2

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38
Q

What passes through the supraorbital notch?

A

Supraorbital nerve (branch of V1) and vessels

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39
Q

Drainage of anterior ethmoid sinus

A

Middle nasal meatus

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40
Q

Drainage of middle ethmoidal sinus

A

Middle nasal meatus

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41
Q

Drainage of posterior ethmoidal sinus

A

Superior nasal meatus

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42
Q

Drainage of frontal sinus

A

Middle nasal meatus

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43
Q

Drainage of sphenoid sinus

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior meatus)

44
Q

Drainage of maxillary sinus

A

Hiatus semilunaris (superior aspect of middle meatus)

45
Q

Arteries supplying nasal cavity

A

Ophthalmic artery- from ICA-Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries supply lateral wall and septumMaxillary artery- from ECA-Sphenopalatine artery-Descending palatineFacial artery- from ECA-Superior labial artery

46
Q

What is the mandibular foramen and what passes through it?

A

Opening on mandible connecting to mandibular canalTransmits inferior alveolar nerve and vessels

47
Q

What muscles lie in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid(muscles of mastication innervated by V3)

48
Q

What artery lies in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Maxillary artery

49
Q

What nerves lie in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Chorda tympaniBranches of V3

50
Q

Sensory innervation to the scalp

A

V1- Supraorbital and supratrochlear nervesV2- Zygomaticotemporal nerveV3- Auriculotemporal nerveC2- Greater occipital and spinal nerves

51
Q

Which is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid gland

52
Q

Surface markings of parotid gland?

A

Superior: zygomatic archAnterior: mandible and muscles of masticationPosterior: EAM and mastoid processMedially: styloid process

53
Q

What passes through the parotid gland, dividing it into supe

A

Facial nerve. This is the landmark for a superficial parotidectomy

54
Q

Blood vessels and nerve located at upper border of parotid,

A

Superficial temporal artery and veinAuriculotemporal nerve

55
Q

What is the duct associated with the parotid gland?

A

Stensen’s duct

56
Q

Course of the parotid duct

A

Begins at anterior aspect of parotid gland, pierces buccinator and opens into oral cavity opposite 2nd upper molar

57
Q

What 3 structures cross the parotid duct?

A

Facial nerveRetromandibular veinExternal carotid artery

58
Q

What ganglion supplies parasympathetic innervation to the pa

A

Otic ganglionGlossopharyngeal fibres from salivary nucleus follow tympanic branch to lesser petrosal nerve preganglionic fibres to otic ganglion then postganglionic fibres of auriculotemporal nerve to gland

59
Q

Path of sympathetic innervation to parotid gland?

A

External carotid artery

60
Q

Which are the smallest salivary glands?

A

Sublingual

61
Q

Where do sublingual salivary ducts open?

A

Floor of mouth

62
Q

Where does the submandibular duct open?

A

Lateral to frenulum of tongue

63
Q

Major blood vessels of the submandibular region?

A

Lingual arteryFacial arteryBoth from external carotid artery

64
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to sublingual and submandibular

A

Facial nerve via corda tympani and facial nerve

65
Q

Within what structure does the facial nerve divide and into

A

Parotid gland5 branches

66
Q

What 2 branches of the cervical plexus innervate behind the

A

C2 and C3- lesser occipital and greater auricular nerves

67
Q

Ophthalmic nerve from CNV1 gives off which branches

A

Frontal nerve leading to supraorbital and supratrochlear nervesLacrimal nerveInfratrochlear nerveExternal nasal nerve

68
Q

3 major branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

A

Auriculotemporal, buccal and mental nerves

69
Q

Facial artery course and branches

A

Deep to digastric and stylohyoid and submandibular glandEnters anterior margin of masseterBranches: superior labial, inferior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries

70
Q

Which 1 tongue muscle is not innervated by the hypoglossal n

A

Palatoglossus- innervated by vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus

71
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular tube for food and air to pass to oesophagus and larynx/trachea respectively

72
Q

2 groups of muscles form the pharynx

A

External circular constrictor musclesInternal longitudinal muscles

73
Q

Function and innervation of pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

Superior, middle and inferior constrictors under involuntary, autonomic control to propel food into oesophagusInnervated by pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus. Damage to vagus nerve in neck results in dysphagia

74
Q

What are the 3 internal, longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

Stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal nerve)Palatopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)Salpingopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)

75
Q

Boundaries of anterior cranial fossa

A

Anteriorly and laterally: frontal bone. (medially is limbus of sphenoid bone, a groove between optic canals).Posteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoid bone Floor: frontal, ethmoid and the anterior aspects of the body and lesser wings of sphenoid

76
Q

Boundaries of middle cranial fossa

A

Anteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoidAnteriorly and medially: limbus of sphenoid (a groove between optic canals).Posteriorly and laterally: superior border of petrous temporal bone.Posteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoid boneFloor: body and greater wing of sphenoid, squamous and petrous temporal bones

77
Q

Boundaries of posterior cranial fossa

A

Anteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoidAnteriorly and laterally: superior petrous temporal bone.Posteriorly: occipital boneFloor: mastoid part of temporal bone and occipital bone.

78
Q

What is the sensory supply to the external auditory meatus?

A

• auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)• auricular branch of the vagus nerve• branches of facial nerve.

79
Q

What is the blood supply to the external ear?

A

posterior auricular arterysuperficial temporal arterydeep auricular branch of the maxillary artery

80
Q

What makes up the external auditory meatus?

A

3-cm-long sinuous tube. The lateral third iscartilaginous; the medial two-thirds are bony.

81
Q

Contents of the middle ear?

A

3 ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes3 nerves: facial nerve, chorda tympani and tympanic plexus2 muscles: stapedius and tensor tympanieustachian tube: the distal opening is in the nasopharynx

82
Q

What is the origin of the chorda tympani?

A

Facial nerve

83
Q

What does the chorda tympani supply?

A

Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongueSecretomotor function to submandibular and sublingualglands.

84
Q

What is the principle of sound transmission in the middle ea

A

Ossicles conduct vibrations from tympanic membrane to the oval window of cochlea. This continues as pressure waves in fluid of cochlea.

85
Q

How can middle-ear infections spread to the skull vault?

A

Eustachian tube allows infection to pass from nasopharynx to middle ear - otitis media.Otitis media can spread into adjacent mastoid aircells (antrum via aditus). These are separated fromcerebellum and temporal lobe only by thinbone, can lead to meningitis and cerebral abscesses.

86
Q

Boundaries of middle ear

A

Roof: Tegmen tympani (v thin) petrous temporal bone- temporal lobe of middle cranial fossaFloor: Jugular wall- internal jugular veinMedial: Internal carotid arteryLateral: Tympanic membraneAnterior: Eustachian tubePosterior: Mastoid antrum

87
Q

What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?

A

From anterior to posterior the superior mediastinum contains the thymus, the great veins, the great arteries, the trachea and the oesophagus.

88
Q

What features does a typical rib possess?

A
  1. Head with 2 demifacets for articulation with the numerically corresponding vertebra and the vertebra above2. Tubercle which articulates with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra3. Subcostal groove, containing the intercostal neurovascular bundle.
89
Q

Which ribs are considered atypical?

A

Ribs 1, 2, 10 11 and 12 – they have features that are not common to all the ribs.Rib 1 is shorter and wider than the other ribs. It only has one facet on its head for articulation with its corresponding vertebrae (there isn’t a thoracic vertebrae above it). The superior surface is marked by two grooves, which make way for the subclavian vessels.Rib 2 is thinner and longer than rib 1, and has two articular facets on the head as normal. It has a roughened area on its upper surface, where the serratus anterior muscle attaches.Rib 10 only has one facet – for articulation with its numerically corresponding vertebrae.Ribs 11 and 12 have no neck, and only contain one facet, which is for articulation with their corresponding vertebrae.

90
Q

Attachment and innervation of sternocleidomastoid

A

Spinal accessory nerve and C2-3Runs from mastoid process to insert onto sternum and medial clavicle

91
Q

4 suprahyoid muscles

A

Mylohyoid- mylohyoid nerve from V3Stylohyoid- facial nerveGeniohyoid- C1 via facial nerveDigastric- anterior mylohyoid nerve V3, posterior facial nerve

92
Q

Muscles forming the floor of the posterior triangle

A

Splenius capitisLevator scapulaePosterior scaleneMiddle scalene

93
Q

Innervation of levator scapulae

A

Dorsal scapular nerves, spinal nerves C3 and 4

94
Q

Name the superficial fascia of the neck

A

Investing fascia (invests sternocleidomastoid)

95
Q

Name the 3 deep fasciae of the neck

A

PretrachealPrevertebralCarotid sheath

96
Q

What does pretracheal fascia enclose?

A

Trachea, thyroid, oesophagus

97
Q

Inferior border of pretracheal fascia?

A

Fibrous pericardium- potential space for infection spread

98
Q

What does prevertebral fascia encase?

A

Vertebrae, deep cervical muscles forming floor of posterior triangle (levator scapulae, splenius capitis, middle and posterior scalene muscles)

99
Q

What is the retropharyngeal space?

A

Potential space between prevertebral and pretracheal fascia

100
Q

Which muscles divide the anterior triangle of the neck into

A

Digastric muscle and superior belly of omohyoid

101
Q

What muscle divides the posterior triangle into 2 smaller tr

A

Omohyoid, inferior belly

102
Q

Boundaries of submental triangle

A

Hyoid bone inferiorlyAnterior bellies of left and right digastric muscles

103
Q

Floor of submental triangle

A

Mylohyoid muscle

104
Q

Contents of submental triangle

A

Submental nodes draining tip of tongue

105
Q

Borders and contents of carotid triangle

A

Superior – posterior belly digastric.Lateral – medial border sternocleidomastoid.Inferior – superior belly omohyoid.Common carotid artery Internal jugular veinHypoglossal and vagus nerves.

106
Q

Boundaries and contents of submandibular triangle

A

Superiorly – body of mandible.Anteriorly – anterior belly digastric.Posteriorly – posterior belly digastricSubmandibular gland and lymph nodesFacial artery and vein

107
Q

Boundaries and contents of muscular triangle

A

Superiorly – hyoid.Medially – midline of theneck.Supero-laterally – superior belly omohyoid.Infero-laterally – inferior sternocleidomastoidInfrahyoid musclesPharynx,Thyroid and parathyroid glands.

RLH MRCS (22 decks)

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