CL Anatomy Flashcards
Parts of temoporal bone
Squamous, petrous, mastoid, tympanic
What attaches to superior and inferior temporal lines?
Temporalis (Mandibular nerve V3)
What opens onto the temporal bone?
External auditory meatus
What bony prominence lies posterior to the external acoustic
Mastoid process
Clinical significance of the communication between middle ea
Chronic otitis media can result in infection of the mastoid process of the temporal bone
What is the bony protuberance from the temporal bone anterio
Styloid process
What bones articulate at the pterion?
Forntal, temporal, parietal, sphenoid
What bones form the floor of the anterior cranial fossa?
Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bones
In what bone is the cribiform plate, what passes through it
- Ethmoid bone2. Olfactory nerves3. Fracture results in CSF leak- rhinorrhoea
What is the bony projection upwards in the midline of the et
- Crista galli2. Attachment of falx cerebri3. Foramen cecum (passes to nasal cavity)
What part of the brain lies in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal lobes
Borders of middle cranial fossa?AnteriorlyPosteriorlyLateral
Anterior: Greater and lesser wings of sphenoidPosterior: Petrous temporal boneLateral: Squamous temporal bone, parietal bone, greater wing of sphenoidFloor: Temporal bones, greater wing of sphenoid
3 structures passing into orbit from middle cranial fossa vi
Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA)
Central retinal vein
Structures passing through superior orbital fissure
Occulomotor nerveOphthalmic veins- superior and inferiorTrochlear nerveOphthalmic nerve (V1)Abducens nerve
Foramen rotundum connects which 2 spaces?What does it transm
Pterygopalatine fossa and middle cranial fossaMaxillary nerve (V2)
Foramen ovale connects which 2 spaces?What does it transmit?
Middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossaMandibular nerve (V3), accessory meningeal artery
Foramen spinosum connects which 2 spaces and transmits what
Middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossaMiddle meningeal artery
What opening lies medial to foramen ovale and spinosum? What
Foramen lacerumNothing!
What do the ridges on the anterior petrous temporal bone tra
Greater and lesser petrosal nerves
Path and function of greater petrosal nerve?
Efferent fibres of parasympathetic fibres from facial nerve to lacrimal gland. Facial nerve damage causes dry eyes!
Path and function of lesser petrosal nerve?
Via otic ganglion to join chorda tympani and supply taste to anterior 2/3 tongue
What space lies inferior to sella turcica?
Sphenoid sinus
What attaches to the posterior cliniod processes?
Tentorium cerebelli
What part of the brain lies in the posterior cranial fossa?
Cerebellum and brainstem
Borders of posterior cranial fossa?AnteriorPosteriorFloorRoo
Anterior: Petrois temporal bone, occipital bonePosterior: Occipital boneFloor: Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal boneRoof: Tentorium cerebelli
What 3 structures pass through internal auditory meatus?
Facial nerveVestibulocochlear nerveLabyrinthine artery
What cranial foramen lies between petrous temporal bone and
Jugular foramen
What passes through the jugular foramen?
Inferior petrosal sinus and Sigmoid sinus-> internal jugular veinGlossopharyngeal nerveVagus nerveAccessory nerve
Where is the hypoglossal canal relative to the jugular foram
Medial
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Brainstem (medulla)Spinal accessory nerveVertebral arteriesAnterior and posterior spinal arteryVenous plexus of vertebral canal
Contents of cavernous sinus
Occulomotor nerve- lateralTrochlear nerve- lateralOphthalmic nerve (V1)- lateralMaxillary nerve (V2)- lateralInternal carotid artery- medialAbducens nerve -medial
Structures passing through foramen ovale
Otic ganglionV3- mandibular nerveAccessory meningeal arteryLesser petrosal nerve (passes to tongue for taste with chorda tympani)Emissary veins
What foramen lies just anterior to styloid process and what
Stylomastoid foramenFacial nerve exits skull via this pathway
What passes through the infraorbital foramen?
Infraorbital nerve, artery and veinNerve is a branch of V2
What passes through zygomatic foramen?
Zygomaticofacial nerve and vesselsNerve is a branch of V2
What passes through the mental foramen?
Mental nerve (branch of V3)Mental artery and vein
What passes from infratemporal fossa to orbit via inferior o
Zygomatic nerve, branch of V2
What passes through the supraorbital notch?
Supraorbital nerve (branch of V1) and vessels
Drainage of anterior ethmoid sinus
Middle nasal meatus
Drainage of middle ethmoidal sinus
Middle nasal meatus
Drainage of posterior ethmoidal sinus
Superior nasal meatus
Drainage of frontal sinus
Middle nasal meatus
Drainage of sphenoid sinus
Sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior meatus)
Drainage of maxillary sinus
Hiatus semilunaris (superior aspect of middle meatus)
Arteries supplying nasal cavity
Ophthalmic artery- from ICA-Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries supply lateral wall and septumMaxillary artery- from ECA-Sphenopalatine artery-Descending palatineFacial artery- from ECA-Superior labial artery
What is the mandibular foramen and what passes through it?
Opening on mandible connecting to mandibular canalTransmits inferior alveolar nerve and vessels
What muscles lie in the infratemporal fossa?
Medial and lateral pterygoid(muscles of mastication innervated by V3)
What artery lies in the infratemporal fossa?
Maxillary artery
What nerves lie in the infratemporal fossa?
Chorda tympaniBranches of V3
Sensory innervation to the scalp
V1- Supraorbital and supratrochlear nervesV2- Zygomaticotemporal nerveV3- Auriculotemporal nerveC2- Greater occipital and spinal nerves
Which is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
Surface markings of parotid gland?
Superior: zygomatic archAnterior: mandible and muscles of masticationPosterior: EAM and mastoid processMedially: styloid process
What passes through the parotid gland, dividing it into supe
Facial nerve. This is the landmark for a superficial parotidectomy
Blood vessels and nerve located at upper border of parotid,
Superficial temporal artery and veinAuriculotemporal nerve
What is the duct associated with the parotid gland?
Stensen’s duct
Course of the parotid duct
Begins at anterior aspect of parotid gland, pierces buccinator and opens into oral cavity opposite 2nd upper molar
What 3 structures cross the parotid duct?
Facial nerveRetromandibular veinExternal carotid artery
What ganglion supplies parasympathetic innervation to the pa
Otic ganglionGlossopharyngeal fibres from salivary nucleus follow tympanic branch to lesser petrosal nerve preganglionic fibres to otic ganglion then postganglionic fibres of auriculotemporal nerve to gland
Path of sympathetic innervation to parotid gland?
External carotid artery
Which are the smallest salivary glands?
Sublingual
Where do sublingual salivary ducts open?
Floor of mouth
Where does the submandibular duct open?
Lateral to frenulum of tongue
Major blood vessels of the submandibular region?
Lingual arteryFacial arteryBoth from external carotid artery
Parasympathetic innervation to sublingual and submandibular
Facial nerve via corda tympani and facial nerve
Within what structure does the facial nerve divide and into
Parotid gland5 branches
What 2 branches of the cervical plexus innervate behind the
C2 and C3- lesser occipital and greater auricular nerves
Ophthalmic nerve from CNV1 gives off which branches
Frontal nerve leading to supraorbital and supratrochlear nervesLacrimal nerveInfratrochlear nerveExternal nasal nerve
3 major branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Auriculotemporal, buccal and mental nerves
Facial artery course and branches
Deep to digastric and stylohyoid and submandibular glandEnters anterior margin of masseterBranches: superior labial, inferior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries
Which 1 tongue muscle is not innervated by the hypoglossal n
Palatoglossus- innervated by vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus
What is the pharynx?
Muscular tube for food and air to pass to oesophagus and larynx/trachea respectively
2 groups of muscles form the pharynx
External circular constrictor musclesInternal longitudinal muscles
Function and innervation of pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Superior, middle and inferior constrictors under involuntary, autonomic control to propel food into oesophagusInnervated by pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus. Damage to vagus nerve in neck results in dysphagia
What are the 3 internal, longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
Stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal nerve)Palatopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)Salpingopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)
Boundaries of anterior cranial fossa
Anteriorly and laterally: frontal bone. (medially is limbus of sphenoid bone, a groove between optic canals).Posteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoid bone Floor: frontal, ethmoid and the anterior aspects of the body and lesser wings of sphenoid
Boundaries of middle cranial fossa
Anteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoidAnteriorly and medially: limbus of sphenoid (a groove between optic canals).Posteriorly and laterally: superior border of petrous temporal bone.Posteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoid boneFloor: body and greater wing of sphenoid, squamous and petrous temporal bones
Boundaries of posterior cranial fossa
Anteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoidAnteriorly and laterally: superior petrous temporal bone.Posteriorly: occipital boneFloor: mastoid part of temporal bone and occipital bone.
What is the sensory supply to the external auditory meatus?
• auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)• auricular branch of the vagus nerve• branches of facial nerve.
What is the blood supply to the external ear?
posterior auricular arterysuperficial temporal arterydeep auricular branch of the maxillary artery
What makes up the external auditory meatus?
3-cm-long sinuous tube. The lateral third iscartilaginous; the medial two-thirds are bony.
Contents of the middle ear?
3 ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes3 nerves: facial nerve, chorda tympani and tympanic plexus2 muscles: stapedius and tensor tympanieustachian tube: the distal opening is in the nasopharynx
What is the origin of the chorda tympani?
Facial nerve
What does the chorda tympani supply?
Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongueSecretomotor function to submandibular and sublingualglands.
What is the principle of sound transmission in the middle ea
Ossicles conduct vibrations from tympanic membrane to the oval window of cochlea. This continues as pressure waves in fluid of cochlea.
How can middle-ear infections spread to the skull vault?
Eustachian tube allows infection to pass from nasopharynx to middle ear - otitis media.Otitis media can spread into adjacent mastoid aircells (antrum via aditus). These are separated fromcerebellum and temporal lobe only by thinbone, can lead to meningitis and cerebral abscesses.
Boundaries of middle ear
Roof: Tegmen tympani (v thin) petrous temporal bone- temporal lobe of middle cranial fossaFloor: Jugular wall- internal jugular veinMedial: Internal carotid arteryLateral: Tympanic membraneAnterior: Eustachian tubePosterior: Mastoid antrum
What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?
From anterior to posterior the superior mediastinum contains the thymus, the great veins, the great arteries, the trachea and the oesophagus.
What features does a typical rib possess?
- Head with 2 demifacets for articulation with the numerically corresponding vertebra and the vertebra above2. Tubercle which articulates with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra3. Subcostal groove, containing the intercostal neurovascular bundle.
Which ribs are considered atypical?
Ribs 1, 2, 10 11 and 12 – they have features that are not common to all the ribs.Rib 1 is shorter and wider than the other ribs. It only has one facet on its head for articulation with its corresponding vertebrae (there isn’t a thoracic vertebrae above it). The superior surface is marked by two grooves, which make way for the subclavian vessels.Rib 2 is thinner and longer than rib 1, and has two articular facets on the head as normal. It has a roughened area on its upper surface, where the serratus anterior muscle attaches.Rib 10 only has one facet – for articulation with its numerically corresponding vertebrae.Ribs 11 and 12 have no neck, and only contain one facet, which is for articulation with their corresponding vertebrae.
Attachment and innervation of sternocleidomastoid
Spinal accessory nerve and C2-3Runs from mastoid process to insert onto sternum and medial clavicle
4 suprahyoid muscles
Mylohyoid- mylohyoid nerve from V3Stylohyoid- facial nerveGeniohyoid- C1 via facial nerveDigastric- anterior mylohyoid nerve V3, posterior facial nerve
Muscles forming the floor of the posterior triangle
Splenius capitisLevator scapulaePosterior scaleneMiddle scalene
Innervation of levator scapulae
Dorsal scapular nerves, spinal nerves C3 and 4
Name the superficial fascia of the neck
Investing fascia (invests sternocleidomastoid)
Name the 3 deep fasciae of the neck
PretrachealPrevertebralCarotid sheath
What does pretracheal fascia enclose?
Trachea, thyroid, oesophagus
Inferior border of pretracheal fascia?
Fibrous pericardium- potential space for infection spread
What does prevertebral fascia encase?
Vertebrae, deep cervical muscles forming floor of posterior triangle (levator scapulae, splenius capitis, middle and posterior scalene muscles)
What is the retropharyngeal space?
Potential space between prevertebral and pretracheal fascia
Which muscles divide the anterior triangle of the neck into
Digastric muscle and superior belly of omohyoid
What muscle divides the posterior triangle into 2 smaller tr
Omohyoid, inferior belly
Boundaries of submental triangle
Hyoid bone inferiorlyAnterior bellies of left and right digastric muscles
Floor of submental triangle
Mylohyoid muscle
Contents of submental triangle
Submental nodes draining tip of tongue
Borders and contents of carotid triangle
Superior – posterior belly digastric.Lateral – medial border sternocleidomastoid.Inferior – superior belly omohyoid.Common carotid artery Internal jugular veinHypoglossal and vagus nerves.
Boundaries and contents of submandibular triangle
Superiorly – body of mandible.Anteriorly – anterior belly digastric.Posteriorly – posterior belly digastricSubmandibular gland and lymph nodesFacial artery and vein
Boundaries and contents of muscular triangle
Superiorly – hyoid.Medially – midline of theneck.Supero-laterally – superior belly omohyoid.Infero-laterally – inferior sternocleidomastoidInfrahyoid musclesPharynx,Thyroid and parathyroid glands.
