CJ 101 Test 2 Flashcards
Most police officers spend the majority of their time answering nonemergency public service calls, controlling traffic, or writing tickets
True
Police Departments tend to tailor their enforcement efforts to meet the contemporary concerns of the population they serve
True
Police departments depend on the ______ ________ to keep the peace in their assigned areas and their job performance is based on whether their “beat is quiet”
Beat Officer
When they occur, reducing the number of quality-of-life offenses in a community rarely helps to restore a sense of order reduce fear of crime, or have an impact on the number of serious crimes that occur
False
What is meant by the “broken windows model or policing?”
Officers tend to ignore broken-down buildings, therefore leading to a higher crime rate in cities that have a lot of those
There are three major levels of public law enforcement that exist in there United States; _______, ________, ________ and each has created a variety of police agencies to enforce its laws
Local, State, Federal
The creation of the ______ was partly motivated by the inability of other agencies its to stem the rising tide nationally of America an political and business corruption
FBI
Refers to the opportunity of law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities
Police Discretion
The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a c rime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it
Crime Prevention
These offenses involve acts that create physical disorder (excessive noise, vandalism) or that reflect social decay like panhandling and prostitution
Quality-Of-Life Offenses
The unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of a police organization, from the highest level to the lowest
Chain of Command
A style of policing marked by a strict concentration with enforcing the precise letter of the law
Legalistic Style
Serves as the central location for criminal justice information services (Fingerprints, UCR, etc) for the FBI
Criminal Justice Information Services Division
Refers to the number of police personnel or the number of units that can normally be supervised by a particular commanding officer
Span of Control
The use of the best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and then evaluate agencies, units, and officers
Evidence-Based Policing
Developed by NYPD that involves crime mapping that assists planners in assigning limited resources to those areas with the greatest need
CompStat/CrimeStat
Every individual has only one supervisor to whom they answer to and from whom, under normal circumstances, they take orders from
Unity of Command
Particular set of values, beliefs, and acceptable forms of behavior characteristics which new recruits are exposed to
Police Subculture
A style of policing marked by a concern for order maintenance where informal police intervention into the lives of residents is employed in the service of keeping the peace
Watchman Style
Police activity that recognized the need for the community and the police to work together effectively and that is based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve
Police-Community Relations
The _______ ______ _____________ _________ ____________ was conducted in 1974 to test the usefulness of preventive or random patrol
Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment
The main focus of today’s FBI has shifted from investigating national crime to ___________
Terrorism
The type of officer hired for a community should reflect the attitudes and values of the __________
Citizens
Most state police agencies are usually organized after two models. What are they and define each.
Centralized: System in which the responsibility for making decisions is assigned to one person or a small group of people
Decentralized: Power and authority to govern law enforcement are dispersed throughout different levels of government rather than concentrated at the state or national level
The majority of local law enforcement agencies in the nation employ fewer than ________ full-time officers
10
___________ are elected public officers wise agencies are responsible for the law enforcement function in the unincorporated areas of the county
Sheriffs
These organizations are largely an outgrowth of one of the 9/11 commission’s criticisms that law enforcement agencies do not talk to each other as they should. They pool/analyze information from law enforcement agencies at all levels. Looking for meaningful patterns and actionable intelligence
Fusion Centers
Roles within police agencies generally fall into one of two categories: line and staff. List at least two of the responsibilities of each division.
Line: Training/Preventing Crime
Staff: Budget/Mental Health Advocacy
The Public Safety Partnership and Community Policing Act of 1994 imposed strict limitations on discretion by police officers
False
What was the “Kansas City Experiment” (1974) and describe the basic details of this study. Please explain.
The Kansas City Experiment (1974) was an experiment that analyzed how effective routine police patrol was.
The __________ __________ of any police department remains the backbone of police work
Patrol
The ________ __ ________ is the popular name given to the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution
Bill of Rights
If a major crime is committed, officers can create their own plain-view situation by moving small insignificant objects around
False
In 1966, under the Warren Court, the _________ v. _________ case was decided that established the fact that the police have to advise adult suspects of their constitutional rights following arrest and before being interviewed. What are these rights?
Miranda v. Arizona
Right to Remain Silent
Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law
You have the right to an attorney
If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you
If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney present, you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney.
The U.S. Constitution provides for a system of checks and balances among the ___________, _________, and Executive branches of government
Legislative, Judicial
Under our system of government, the _______ became the arena for dispute resolution, not just between individuals but between citizens and the agencies of the government
Courts
These are cases that produce substantial changes, both in the understanding of the requirements of due process, and in the practical day-to-day operations of the justice system
Landmark Cases
Most “Due Process Requirements” of relevance to the police pertain to three major areas
A) Evidence and Investigation (search and seizure)
B) Arrest (PC)
C) Interrogation
The ________ _________ to the U.S. Constitution declares that people must be secure in their houses and in their persons against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Fourth Amendment
A warrantless search of an arrested individual conducted to ensure the safety of the arresting officer
Search Incident to an Arrest
A writ issued from an appellate court for the purpose of obtaining from a lower court the record of its proceedings
Writ of Certiorari
The level of suspicion that would justify an officer in making further inquiry or in conducting further investigation
Reasonable Suspicion
These are situations involving both an arrest and custodial interrogation
Miranda Triggers
Any evidence that is seized without regard to principles of due process as required by the Bill of Rights
Illegally Seized Evidence
Search warrants issued on the basis of PC to believe that evidence of a crime, while not currently at the place described, will likely be there when the warrant is executed
Anticipatory Warrant
A legal principle that excludes from introduction at trial any evidence later developed as a result of an illegal search or seizure
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree
The act of taking an adult or juvenile into physical custody by authority of law for the purpose of charging the person with a criminal offense
Arrest
Information-gathering activity of police officers that involves the direct questioning of suspects
Police Interrogation
Involves the swallowing or insertion into body cavities of drug-filled containers for the purpose of drug smuggling
Canal Smuggling
The “Exclusionary Rule”, which holds that evidence illegally seized by the police cannot be used in a federal trial, was established in which case?
Weeks v. U.S.
This case made the “Exclusionary Rule” applicable, not only in federal court, bit criminal prosecutions at the state level as well
Mapp v. Ohio
What is meant by the “Plain View Doctrine?” Please Explain.
The “Plain View Doctrine” is applied when an officer can gain the right to search without a warrant if there is evidence in the officers line of sight
Technically, an _______ occurs whenever a law enforcement officer restricts a person’s freedom to leave
Arrest
The U.S. Supreme Court has established a clear rule that police officers have the right to conduct a search of a person being arrested and to search the area under the arrestee’s immediate control to protect themselves from attack
True
Probable cause permits a warrantless search of a vehicle because a vehicle is able to easily _________
Leave A Jurisdiction
Searches of home computers are permissible without a search warrant if the officer can conduct the search without damaging any of the equipment
False
This U.S. Supreme Court case establishes that suspects have the right to have a lawyer present during police interrogations
Escobedo v. Illinois
Suspects in police custody may legally waive their Miranda Rights through a voluntary “knowing and intelligent” waiver
True
If officers are a suspect into custody, they cannot even listen to a suspect talk without first advising the of their rights first
False
The USA Patriot Act (2001) made it easier for police investigations to intercept many forms of electronic communication
True
Acceptance of small gratuities is normal behavior and acceptable to most police administrators
False
Being exposed to ethics training during a police academy should never be considered enough and this type of training should be ongoing throughout one’s law enforcement career
True
The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument resulting in a high probability of death
Deadly Force
The branch of a police organization tasked with investigating charges of wrongdoing involving members of the department
Internal Affairs
The special responsibility to adhere to moral duty and obligation that is inherent in police work
Police Ethics
Information-gathering activity of police officers that involves the direct questioning of suspects
Police Interrogation
These are designed to disable, capture, or immobilize - but not kill - a suspect
Less-Lethal Weapon
The abuse of police authority for a personal or organizational gain
Corruption
This practice is widely condemned as being unethical and discriminatory and its use weakens public confidence the police
Racial Profiling
The use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public
Police Use of Force
The Knapp Commission distinguished between two types of corrupt officers. Name the two types and give a short definition of each
Grass-Eater: Accepting Gratuities
Meat-Eater: Using an Excess Amount of Force as an Abuse of Power
The 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center resulted in the greatest ever single-incident line-of-duty deaths for police officers
True
If you do the job properly, stress and fatigue will not be a problem for a police officer
False
The core mission of policing has not changes, but agencies at all levels devote more time and resources to preparing for possible terrorist attacks
True
Excessive force, excessive use of force and illegal use of force are commonly interchangeable terms that essentially mean the same thing
False
Although ethnic minorities are not employed in policing in significant numbers, women are still significantly underrepresented
True
No use in policing has caused as much controversy over the past few decades as the use of ____________
Force
The majority of police officers killed on duty were victims of shootings
True
The Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment found that preventative patrol significantly decreased the amount of crime in a given area
False
