CIVINCO LQ1 Flashcards
determination of the relative spatial location of the points on or near the surface of the earth.
Surveying
It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurement.
Surveying
the type of surveying which takes into account the
true shape of the earth. Surveys employing the principles of geodesy are of high precision and generally extended over large areas.
Geodetic Surveying
the type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane, or
in which its spheroidal shape is neglected.
Plane Surveying
Made to establish the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points.
Control Survey
Made to determine the length and direction of land lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.
Boundary Survey
The survey of bodies of water made for the purpose of navigation, water supply, or subaqueous construction.
Hydrographic Survey
Made to gather data to produce a topographic map showing the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and man-made objects.
Topographic Survey
Made to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations.
Mining Survey
Made to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering works
Construction Survey
Refers to those control, topographic, and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines, and pipelines.
Route Survey
generally
involve imaging or “mapping” of regions
of the sky using telescopes.
Astronomical Survey
Made to utilize the principles of aerial
photogrammetry, in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects.
Photogrammetric Survey
a circular arc, extending from one
tangent to the next.
Simple Curve
point where the curve
leaves the back tangent (first tangent).
Point of Curvature (PC)
point where the curve joins
the forward tangent (second tangent).
Point of Tangency (PT)
angle of intersection of
tangents.
Intersection Angle (I)
intersection
of back tangent and forward tangent.
Vertex or Point of Intersection (PI)
distance from the vertex to the
curve.
External Distance (E)
line joining the middle of the
curve and the middle of the chord.
Middle Ordinate (M)
distance from vertex to the PC
or PT.
Tangent Distance (T)
line connecting PC and PT.
Chord Distance (C)
is a dimensionless number. It is usually
expressed in percentages; (e.g., a road of +4% gradient rises 4 units vertically in 100 units horizontally).
gradient
Vertical Curves where the total change in gradient is negative.
Summit Curves
Vertical Curves where the total change in gradient is positive.
Sag Curves
Notes on Vertical Curves
- The length of the parabolic curve L is the horizontal distance between PC and PT.
- PI is midway between PC and PT.
- The curve lies midway between PI and the midpoint of the chord from PC to PT.
- The stationing of vertical curves is measured not along the curve but along a horizontal line.
a harbor which is used as a haven in a storm.
Refuge Harbor
a landing place or the platform built out into or onto the water parallel to the shore for the berthing of vessels.
Wharf
A solid structure which projects into the sea perpendicular to the shore to berth vessels
Jetty
A platform extending from a shore over water and supported by piles, used to secure, protect, and provide access to ships or boats.
Pier
they are tall tower structures with a marine beacon-light camera lantern on top. They are usually erected on points along the shore to guide ships to a nearby port as well as on reefs, shoals or other points of danger to shipping.
Lighthouse
a structure constructed around harbor in order to protect the interior water area from the effect of stormy waves.
Breakwater
structures used for protecting riverbanks against erosion.
Revetment
an embankment built along the side of the rivers to prevent the overflow of banks and thus to protect the adjoining land from flood waters.
Levee
these are employed to direct the flow of current in rivers with a view to the establishment of the more favorable and fixed channel and often also to prevent scour and erosion and the carrying away of river banks.
Dikes or Training Wall
protection walls for quay and wharves for retaining and protecting embankments or retaining fill.
Quaywall or Bulkhead
a structure where a ship is tied when it is anchored to enable cargo to be handled in the absence of wharves.
Mooring
a space provided in large ports in front of berth to facilitate loading and unloading of cargo.
Apron
ports of call for large ships or ocean liners.
Ocean Port
isolated area of ports where foreign goods are cleared through customs.
Entry Port
an isolated and enclosed area within which goods maybe landed, stored, mixed, repacked, manufactured and reshipped without payment of duties and without intervention of custom officials.
Free Port
ports which are located at the entrance of a river.
Inland Port
the path or channel in which ship proceeds from the sea to the harbor.
Approach Channel
the portion of the channel beyond harbor entrance in the open sea.
Outer Channel
the portion lying between the entrance and harbor basin.
Inner Channel
water space which is required for maneuvering the ships after they enter the harbor for going to or leaving a berth.
Turning Basin
