Civil Wars Flashcards by Michael Upfold

Mutina

Date

Mutina

April 43BC

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Mutina - April 43BC

Who

Mutina April 43BC

Antony

Senate/Octavian/Decimus Brutus

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Mutina April 43BC

Why shouldn’t Octavian side with the Senate and DB?

Mutina - April 43BC

To blame for Caesars death Ides of March 44BC

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Mutina - April 43BC

Why Antony involved

ANTONY MISTAKE?

Mutina - April 43BC

Given Macedonia ‘‘by lot’’ (Cassius Dio) 44BC

Asks Senate to exchange for Cisalpine Gaul
|_> angers Senate (send more money and troops to DB)

2/5 legions defect to Octavian

DB consulship ends in a month

Outlawed by Senate!

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Mutina - April 43BC

OCTAVIAN CLEVER?

Enemy’s enemy is my friend

Mutina - April 43BC

Octavian noticed Senate hatred of Antony and so joins (ANT. Larger threat)

Octavian illegitimate army made legal (Propraetorian power)

Offers 2000 sesterces
Ant. Offers 400 seseterced
|_> 2/5 defect

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Mutina - April 43BC

Aftermath

Mutina - April 43BC

Octavian ‘palmed off’ by Senate

Octavian requests consulship with Cicero
|_> ‘‘people appointed me consul’’ RG

IN FACT - marched on Rome (8 legions and 3 more defected when sent to combat)

Octavian tried and convicted liberators ‘en masse’ and in ‘absentiae’

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Mutina - April 43BC

Suetonius’ rumour

Hirtius and Pansa deaths (previous consuls)

Mutina - April 43BC

'’Rumour Augustus had engineered both deaths’’ SUET

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2nd Triumvirate - November 43BC

Who

Where meet

How long last

Legal?

2nd Triumvirate - November 43BC

Antony and Octavian

Bononia

5 year agreement

Legal under ‘lex titia’
|_> 1st w/ Caesar, Crassus, Pompey not legal

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2nd Triumvirate - November 43BC

Who got what

2nd Triumvirate - November 43BC

Octavian - Sardinia, Sicily, Africa

Antony - Cisalpine/Transalpine Gaul

Lepidus - Spain, Gallia Narbonensis

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Proscriptions - ‘first act’

Motive

Death

Who

Aftermath

Proscriptions - ‘first act’

Financial (most enemies outside Italy)

2500 (Cicero) - leader of senate

Senatorial places filled with loyal triumvirate supports

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Battle of Philippi - 42BC

How many battles

Who faced who

Who controls Rome

Battle of Philippi - 42BC

2 battles

Cassius faced ANT - suicide

Brutus faced OCT - oct lost but Brutus heard of Cassius’ suicide (commited self)

Triumvirate control Rome - NO Conspirators left

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After Philippi

Who got where

Where Ant go

Where Oct go

Effect

After Philippi

Ant. Got East
Oct. Got West
Lep. Sidelined to Africa

Ant. Went East (losing all West. Influence)
Oct. Back to Italy
|_> POLARIZATION of Roman world

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Problems for Octavian after Philippi - 40BC

Augustus’ claim on veterans settling

How settle veterans

Problems for Octavian after Philippi - 40BC

'’I settle rather more than 300000’’ (not all 500000 who signed oath)

Forcibly evicted inhabitants (made unpopular)

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Siege of Perusia - 40BC

Causes

Who

What

Siege of Perusia - 40BC

Augustus’ unpopularity saw opportunity

Lucius Antonius
Fulvia (Ant. Wife)

Oct. seiged Perusia (Lucius surrendered)
|_> 8 legions added to Oct. force

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Seige of Perusia - 40BC

Augustus’ claim after victory

Seige of Perusia -40BC

RG - ‘‘i spared the lives of all citizens who asked for mercy’’ (NOT TRUE)

Cassius Dio - ‘‘most of the senators and knights were put to death’’

Suet - ‘‘Augustus took vengeance’’
‘‘300 prisoners oe eques/senatorial rank and offered them as human sacrifices’’

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Seige of Perusia- 40BC

Who to where

What happened

Seige of Perusia - 40BC

Ant. west to seige Brundisium
Oct. contronted
|_> neither armies wanted war

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Pact of Brundisium - 40BC

Who got what

Wearing what

Pact of Brundisium - 40BC

Ant. Lost Gaul to Oct. (last foothold)
Lep. Quiet in Africa
Oct. Got Sardinia, Dalmatia, Spain, Gaul

Cassius Dio - ‘‘Antony in Asiatic and Egyptian style’’ clothing

ORIENTALISATION

Pompey threats - Blockades 39/38BC

Where Pompey hold

What Aug. Consider him as

Why angry

Pompey threats - Blockades 39/38BC

Sicily

'’Pirate’’ - ‘‘i cleared the seas of pirates’’

Left out triumvirate
No benefit from Brundisium (40BC)

Pompey threats - Blockades 39/38BC

Who bring together

Who call upon

Pompey threats - Blockades 39/38BC

Refugees from proscriptions
Survivors of Philippi
Dispossessed by veterans

'’Antony called upon Pompeius to move against Italy’’

Pompey threats - Blockades 39/38BC

What done

Pompey threats - Blockades 39/38BC

Pompey blockaded Italy 39BC

Ant/Oct forced to negotiate (Treaty of Misenum)

Pompey threats - Treaty of Misenum - 39BC

Terms

Pompey threats - Treaty of Misenum - 39BC

Sextus - Corsica, Sardinua, Sicily (Promised Peloponnese)

Ant. Returned East

Oct. remained Italy

Pompey threats - Blockades 39/38BC

What happens after Misenum

Pompey threats - Blockades 39/38BC

Sextus doesnt get Peloponnese
|_> blockades Italy again 38BC

Oct. moves against @ Battle of Cumae (naval)
|_> loses

Oct. forced to appral to Ant. for help

Pompey threats -
Pact of Tarentum - 37BC

What given?

Pompey threats - Pact of Tarentum - 37BC

Oct. got 120 ships from Ant.

Ant. Promised 20 000 Italian troops for Parthian campaign

Triumvirate renewed

Pompey threat - Pact of Tarentum - 37BC

Result

Pompey threat - Pact of Tarentum - 37BC

EQUILIBRIUM

Pompey threats - 36BC After Equilibrium Who What

Pompey threats - 36BC Marcus Agrippa readied Oct. fleet 36BC Held Sextus' fleet

Pompey threats - 36BC Who called? By who?

Pompey threats - 36BC Lepidus from South General of Oct. from NE Oct. from Campania

Pompey threats - 36BC Rumour via Suet. Who

Pompey threats - 36BC ''Not even stand to review his fleet...until Agrippa had routed the enemy'' Antony said it

Pompey threats - Battle of Naulochus When Who What happened

Pompey threats - Battle of Naulochus 3 September 36BC Agrippa took several of Sextus' ports before destroying fleet Sextus fled (murdered)

Lepidus threat - 36BC How many legions Where Aim What happened

Lepidus threat - 36BC 22 legions Sicily Defeat Oct. Men fled when Oct. marched towards them

Lepidus threat - 36BC What did Oct. do with Lepidus

Lepidus threat - 36BC Oct. spared his life Stripped of powers Put in house arrest in Circeii

Before Actium What Senate try to do What Oct. go from and to

Before Actium Award Oct. pontifex maximus |_> ''i declined to be made PM in the place of my colleague who was still alive'' From 'Avenger of Caesar' and 'Military Revoluionary' To 'Guardian of Roman Tradition'

Before Actium - Antony 35-33BC Where What doing (failures) What want

Before Actium - Antony 35-33BC East Practising Eastern customs, clothing, Cleo Forming own Senate No decisive outcome w/: Parthians, Armenians, Tribes of Ilycium

Before Actium - Antony 34BC What success? What staged? What rumoured

Before Actium - Antony 34BC Seized Armenia Staged Donations to Alexandria - Cleo ''queen of kings'' - Caesarion ''kings of kings'' - divided East between Cleo. And sons Cleo want to be Queen of Rome Renounced Octavia as wife

Before Actium - Agrippa 33BC What made Effect on Aug What do

Before Actium - Agrippa 33BC Aedile Appeared to care for people Manage sewer, water, beautiful, restore

Before Actium - Oct. actions against Ant. What Effect

Before Actium - Oct. actions against Ant. Seized will from Vestal Virgins and read in senate |_> showed wished to be buried next to Cleo Octavian able to declare war on Cleo (foreign enemy)

Before Actium - support for Octavian What Who What Octavian call it

Before Actiun - support for Octavian 'Oath of Allegiance' All Italy and West RG - ''whole of Italy at its own free will swore allegiance to me'' - ''demanded me as their leader'' - ''universal consent''

Actium - September 31BC Where

Actium - September 31BC Ambracian Gulf

Actium - September 31BC Antony mistakes

Actium 31BC Cleo prescence saw defections Cleo left mid-battle Dellius defected 2nd September attempted to break out - but Ant. Defeated

Actium - September 31BC Octavian tactics

Actium - September 31BC Blockaded forces in Ambracian Gulf

After Actium Who Where

After Actium Cleo and Ant fled (followed by Oct.) Egypt

After Actium - Battle of the Nile 30BC Engaged where Result Octavian reaction

After Actium - Battle of the Nile 30BC Engaged land and sea |_> Ant. Navy and army defected 1st Aug. 30BC Ant./Cleo. Committed suicide Oct. had Caesarion and eldest son executed RG - ''I added Egypt to the Empier of the Roman people''