Civil War 1642-46 Fact Test Flashcards
Which Geographical areas were controlled by the two sides?
Royalists: North and West, Ireland.
Parliamentarians: South and East (including London), later Scotland.
List three initial advantages the parliamentarians had
Possession of wealthier portion of the country including London
Possession of the Royal Navy
Possession of Arsenals like Hull.
How was parliament divided and what were the groups aims?
Peace party: though war was not worthwhile and wanted peace ASAP on any terms. e.g. Holles, Essex and Manchester.
Moderate Party: wanted to come to a negotiated settlement with Charles. e.g. Pym.
War Party: wanted to defeat Charles outright and impose terms. e.g. Cromwell.
Who was Lord Hopton?
Highly Capable Royalist commander in West Country.
Who was the Earl of Manchester?
Parliamentarian Commander of Eastern Association in midlands. Pessimistic about chances of victory and removed by self-denying ordinance.
Who was Sir William Waller?
Parliamentarian commander in west country; close friends with Hopton.
Who was the Marquis of Newcastle?
Royalist commander in north; fielded a personally funded army of 6,000 whitecoat infantry until Marston Moor.
Who was Sir Thomas Fairfax?
Parliamentarian commander in north, later NMA.
Who was Prince Rupert?
Royalist Cavalry commander (and field commander at Marston Moor). Experienced from 30 years war but had a habit of leaving the battlefield to plunder the enemy camp.
Who was the Earl of Essex
Main Parliamentarian field commander until removed by self denying ordnance.
Three reasons why the New Model Army was so effective?
Religiously motivated soldiers: ideologically loyal so more committed and better morale.
This also meant they were less affected by localism
Well drilled and trained; especially Cromwell’s Ironside cavalry which remained coherent after charges.
Well led - Manchester and Essex removed by self denying ordnance.
Two reasons which helped Gentry to choose sides.
Religion - Puritans parliament, Catholics King, others either.
Personal rivalries - joining the other side to spite a local rival.
Ideological commitment - protect traditions of royal prerogative or common law.
Why did many people remain neutral?
To avoid their local area being pillaged as had occurred in the 30 years war.
To avoid being on the losing side and being punished by the victors.
Name the neutralist movement
the “clubmen”
Name the neutrality pact between the Cheshire gentry in 1642.
The Bunbury Agreement.
When was Edgehill and what happened?
October 1642 - first major battle; draw as royalist victory prevented by Rupert charging off battlefield.
When was Marston Moor and what happened?
July 1644 - decisive parliamentarian victory: royalists outnumbered and surprised by attack late in the day; whitecoats annihilated.
When was Naseby and what happened?
June 1645 - Decisive Parliamentary Victory, Royalists utterly defeated by NMA after Rupert again leaves the field whilst Cromwell remains and attacks Royalist infantry (which had been winning) in the rear.
Name the Decisive Royalist Victory in Cornwall
Lostwithiel 1644
Give the name and date of the alliance with the Scots
The Solemn League and Covenant, September 1643
Name the act which removed most parliamentary commanders from the army in 1645
The Self Denying Ordnance.
Explain Cromwell’s quarrel with Manchester.
Manchester was a frustratingly cautious commander who didn’t actually believe parliament could even win; Cromwell more decisive and optimistic.
List two problems which affected both sides
Localism, Neutralism, bad leadership, bad weather, supply problems.
How did the Royalist peace treaty with Irish rebels backfire?
Reinforced Catholic Conspiracy theory and created fears of sectarian genocide
Troops were poor quality and quickly scattered.
Explain Charles’ mistake in 1642
Too slow to march on London after Edgehill, allowing a conscript army and barricades to be arranged at Turnham Green forcing him back.
Three Reasons why parliament won the civil war
Better resources - demographic and financial
Alliance with the Scots
Better leadership
NMA
