Civil Rights - Unit 2 Flashcards
What did Baker v Carr establish?
established one person, one vote
What are quotas and are they constitutional?
A quota is holding seats for minority students. This was ruled to be unconstitutional.
What does the 14th Amendment contain?
The citizenship clause, Due process clause, and equal protection clause is in the 14th amendment.
What does the equal protection clause do? (14th amendment)
It protects the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics.
What does the 14th amendment do?
The 14th amendment affirmed the citizenship of all people “born or naturalized in the United States”
What did the 15th amendment do?
It guaranteed the right to vote to black men.
What did the 19th amendment do?
The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote.
What did the 24th amendment do?
The 24th amendment banned poll taxes.
What did the 26th amendment do?
The 26th amendment lowered the voting age to 18.
Can laws make distinctions based on gender or race?
Yes but they need a good reason. (scrutiny)
What did the voting right act 1965 do?
It increased registration and voting by African Americans.
What is the Equality of opportunity concept?
The concept that each person is guaranteed the same choice to succeed in life.
What is the Equality of outcome?
The concept that society must insure that people are equal.
What is invidious discrimination?
discrimination against people or a group that works to their harm
What is De jure discrimination?
When the law is actually written in such a way that discrimination is based in the legal system. (Discrimination is in the law)
What is De facto discrimination?
discrimination in practice but not in the law. (More people show up to male sports games than female)
What where African American Rights weakened with?
Poll tax, literacy tests, and grandfather-clause.
What was the ruling of Plessy v Ferguson?
Segregation is constitutional as long as facilities were separate but equal.
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 do?
It offered broad protection against discrimination for all minorities. It was upheld by the supreme court based on the commerce clause
What did the Americans with Disabilities Act do?
It provides protection protection to people with physical and mental disabilities, AIDS, acholholism, and drug addiction.
What is protectionism?
Woman must be protected from life cruelties.
What did the title IX (9) of the Education Amendments of 1972 do?
Protected women from discrimination. Facilities had to be the same as men’s facilities (mainly applies to sports)
What is Affirmative Action?
A wide range of programs that aim at getting for opportunities for women and minorities.
Brown v board of education of Topeka KS ruled what?
It ruled that “separate but equal” was unconstitutional
