Civil Rights Test Flashcards
What was the main reason Black Radicals emerged?
frustration
How does MLK feel about where he is with the Black Radicals?
Good
Why is MLK feeling good about the Black Radicals?
Kennedy has proposed a Civil Rights Act movement, and he made the Dream Speech and the crises have paid off. It has been 10 years since the bus boycott, they are much closer to their goal. It has come with lots of sacrifice, but have achieved the goal.
Why did the Black Radicals emerge at this point?
To have more momentum, push more, they have some hope, revolution goes on the upswing to have a chance to go after it. They see an opportunity and want to take advantage of it.
When is the Black Panther party created?
1966
What is the purpose of DeJure Equality?
to promote economic, social, political equality.
What is DeJure Equality?
Jim Crow Laws have been replaced by the Civil Rights Act
When was the Civil Rights Act passed?
1964
What becomes the problem with DeJure Equality?
It is not enforced well in some areas.
What is the effect of DeJure Equality laws not being enforced well?
The violence does not stop and people keep disobeying it. This led to DeFacto racism
What is DeFacto racism?
Just because the laws changed it did not mean that attitudes changed Blacks still faced a great deal of discrimination and prejudice.
What are the violence numbers for the year that the Civil rights act was passed?
- 30 firebombings
- 80 mob attacks
- 35 murders
Why did the white society perform these attacks in DeFacto racism?
Society is frustrated, so they take it out on something else, natural anger reaction.
How did King respond to the DeFacto racism and what did he tell blacks to do about it?
Turn away from violent retaliation
Why does King strongly urge anti-violence to the DeFacto response?
Violence will make it worse and the whites can now blame them and make new ways and excuses to punish them.
Who was Malcolm X and how did me make a name for himself?
he thinks opposite of King, thinks violence is the answer and tells the black community to go this way.
Why did Malcolm X feel violence was the answer?
He is human and should be able to take it and have the chance to have self-defense violence. He doesn’t deserve the abuse and has a right to defend the community.
What did blacks turn to after the racism kept up during DeFacto?
They turned to Black Pride
What was Black Pride and what was its purpose?
Blacks now had hated the whites, so they used different styles to separate themselves and to throw shame on America and be proud of who they are and show their uniqueness to the whites that no longer accept them.
What were some styles the blacks used in the Black Power Movement?
afros, dreadlocks, African colors, slang, black power symbol
Why did the blacks turn to Black Power?
They wanted it to be their community and whites were not allowed.
What controversial event happened with respect to the Black Power salute?
In the 1968 Mexico Olympics, two black runners won medals and during the national anthem, instead of putting their hands on their hearts, they did the black power symbol.
What was everyone’s reaction to the whole Black Power Movement?
Anger and some violence
When did many black race riots take place in America?
Between 1965-1968
What part of the country did many of these black-led race riots take place?
Northeast
How do northern whites react to these black-led race riots?
We are surprised because racism was a southern thing, and we accept blacks.
Why did the black-led north riots take place?
Because of DeFacto, not from the south
What do some northern cities do after the riots are going on?
The nation forms the Race Riots Committee
What were some of the big northern race riots?
Watts (part of LA), Detroit, Harlem
What did the Race Riots Committee do about these riots?
They begin to look at the causes of riots.
What was the Kerner report?
The report the Race Riot Committee put together to figure out the causes of the race riots in the north.
What were the four points discussed in the Kerner report?
- Frustration over the lack of Civil Rights progress
- Advocation of violence by racial leaders
- Economic conditions of inner cities
- Riots taking place more during Summer
How does Frustration over the lack of Civil Rights progress relate to the Kerner report?
contrast between DeFacto and DeJure, does not stop hate and stereotyping here.
How does advocation of violence by racial leaders relate to the Kerner report?
The first time this has happened out of frustration and saying violence is the answer, even with MLK saying that civil disobedience is the answer, no violence, it only could cause the blacks more problems. People are advocating that violence is the answer.
How does economic conditions of the inner cities relate to the Kerner report?
Vietnam war is going on, government is spending lots of money, Johnson is starting war on poverty other society programs, we had to increase cost of living, and poor are hurt the most, because they are being put further behind economically.
How does the change of seasons relate to the Kerner report?
Blacks are outdoors more this time of year because there is no AC, warm, humid and are more angry about the weather in general. This frustration will start a spark and give them a reason to riot. There is also no school so kids are out on the street. Other seasons the weather is too cold or too nice and summer’s daylight is longer.
What was the Selma March?
a protest march from Selma to Montgomery, AL, to show support for Voting Rights Act
When was the Voting Rights Act passed and who passed it? Who led this group of those who passed it?
1965, the Council of Federated Organization, started by Kennedy.
What kind of people did the CFO consist of?
volunteers from SNCC, NAACP, CORE, SCLC
What was the issue with having volunteers in the CFO?
they did not get paid, so they only have limited impact because they had to count on people.
What did Johnson do as a result of the volunteering issue?
he hired federal workers
What was Johnson’s idea for what the federal workers he hired would do?
go door to door and help blacks to vote to increase equality
Why did Johnson make the federal workers do the door to door job?
An investigation found out that blacks did not vote because they did not know how to register.
What was the Voting Rights Act?
Followed up the Civil Rights Act and allowed all blacks to vote without grandfather clauses, literacy tests, etc.
What bridge did MLK cross during the Selma March?
Edmund-Pettus Bridge
What happened to MLK and the others from the Selma March?
They are stopped and turned around by cops and other groups, which beat the protestors across the other side of the bridge.
How did Johnson respond to the incident at the Edmund-Pettus Bridge?
He makes sure this march keep going forward.
Who founded the Black Panther Party and where was in founded?
People out of SNCC and in the Bay Area, CA
How many members were originally in the Black Panther Party when it started to spread?
5000
What were the points to the Black Panther Party’s platform?
- self-sufficiency
- self-defense
- revolution
What was the Black Panther Party’s idea of self-sufficiency?
stop supporting a system that is oppressing you, rent from black landlords, disobey the system treating you poorly, keep your money in your own community.
What was the Black Panther Party’s idea of self-defense?
violence in self-defense, main goal is human rights
What was the Black Panther Party’s idea of revolution?
this is our main goal, keep fighting
What happened to Malcolm X after creating some race rioting violence?
He got into police trouble
What was the Black Panther Party’s conflict with the police?
They rode in cars around with a police scanner and bats and hear call over the radio and show up.
Why did the Black Panthers have the police scanners?
If there was a mugging in a white spot police would be there quickly, if it was in a black spot, they would purposely not care, which made the Panthers feel oppressed.
What was the purpose behind the Black Panthers being policemen for blacks?
If the cops do not protect us, we will protect our own community
How did the Black Panthers carry out their police investigations?
Carried fire arms, hear call over scanner, arrested people from their own party. They held them till the police got here.
How did the police respond to the Black Panther arrests and how did the Panthers respond to this police reaction?
Police felt it was problematic. Panthers used physical intimidation towards the police if they did not attempt to help out blacks.
Who founded the Nation of Islam and when was it founded?
Wallace Fard in 1930
Who was the leader of the Nation of Islam?
Elijah Muhammed
What was the goal of the Nation of Islam?
Goal was violence to push the movement and
“Black Nationalism”
What were the beliefs of the Nation of Islam?
Islam has Muslim beliefs to follow in Quran, teachings of Alla and Muhammad
What is a difference between the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam?
The Muslim religious beliefs by the Nation of Islam
What was the concept of “Black Nationalism”?
Alla would deliver to black community a state for a Black USA.
What was the Black Nationalism theory compared to?
It was similar to Marcus Garvey’s theory of sending all blacks to Liberia an American colony in Africa
Why did Marcus Garvey have the idea about Liberia?
They will never be treated as equals and all are deserving equality. There will always be a level of true prejudice, but there must be separation if they cannot achieve equality. Similar to Jews in Israel. They wanted to have a black separated state, where they feel equal and happy
What could be an issue with the Liberia issue?
if they want to leave or what about Interracial couples
What was Garvey’s main intention for mentioning the Liberia plan?
To strike up national debate and negotiation, and add some shock value
How did Malcolm X respond to the Nation of Islam?
He created Muslim Mosque, INC
Why did Malcolm X create Muslim Mosque, INC?
Malcolm X and Elijah Mohammad don’t like each other,
Was Malcolm X originally good with the Nation of Islam?
Yes, he was part of it
Describe Malcolm X’s life before becoming a black radical
He dealt drugs, gambled and had sex with other men to make money. He lived in Flint, MI and moved to Harlem. He had a rough life and committed many small crimes.
Describe Malcolm X’s pilgrimage to Mecca.
1964 he goes to Makkah and isn’t allowed to join.
After the pilgrimage, what does Malcolm X do next?
Studies Islam in Egypt and realizes that:
- Islam is not a religion of hatred, religion of peace. Understands that he is wrong
- Changes his name and goes back to America and preaches about integration.
- Apologizes to MLK.
What was Malcolm X’s new name? What was his original name?
El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, Malcolm Little
When and where was Malcolm X assassinated?
February 21, 1965 in Harlem
Describe Malcolm X’s assassination.
He is giving a speech in New York and is shot by 3 people of the Nation of Islam. The shooter turned on him because he was a backstabber.
When and where was MLK shot?
in Memphis in 1968
What is MLK doing at the time before he is shot?
King is working on the next phase of equality. King is working on the defacto. He is supporting a union mostly of African-Americans. MLK is trying to advance the de-facto equality.
Where is MLK when he is shot?
standing on his balcony in his hotel
Who is MLK’s assassin?
James Earl Ray
What is James Earl Ray’s Background?
A nobody, high school drop-out, prison escapee.
What is Ray’s punishment?
Sentenced to 99 years in prison (life time)
When does Ray die?
1998 at the age of 70
Where was Ray arrested?
In London at the airport, as he had a fake passport
Describe Ray’s escape from the shooting and how it led to his punishment.
After he shot MLK, he fled by car to Canada to hide for a month and then flew to London. At the airport when he tried to leave, his passport was fake and he was caught, brought to Tennessee for the trial, and was charged with the murder.