Civil Rights 1960s-74 Flashcards
What event marked the beginning of the sit-ins in 1960?
On February 1st, 4 African American students began protesting racial segregation in restaurants by sitting at ‘White only’ counters.
Which organizations organized boycotts of segregated lunch counters alongside the sit-ins?
- NAACP
- CORE
What strategy did the SCLC train students to use in response to violence during sit-ins?
To respond with peace and protest more effectively.
Who arranged for Martin Luther King Jr. to speak to the Greensboro protestors?
Ella Baker.
What was the ‘jail not bail’ tactic used during the sit-ins?
A strategy that helped to spread the sit-ins by allowing more people to participate.
What was the main outcome of the Freedom Riders’ actions in 1961?
They aimed to provoke a violent reaction to generate publicity and force federal action for desegregation.
What violent incident occurred involving Freedom Riders in Anniston, Alabama?
One bus was burned and some riders were beaten by an angry crowd.
What did the Supreme Court ruling from 1946 confirm regarding interstate transport?
That interstate transport should be desegregated.
What was the outcome of the Meredith case in 1961?
James Meredith was ordered by the Supreme Court to be accepted into a segregated university, but the university initially refused.
What was Martin Luther King Jr.’s approach to civil rights during the 1960s?
He emphasized non-violence and planned protests to elicit a violent response from segregationists.
What significant event took place during the Birmingham Marches in 1963?
The use of police dogs and fire hoses against demonstrators, which caused global outrage.
What was the purpose of the March on Washington in 1963?
To demonstrate support for a civil rights bill and demand jobs and freedom.
What was the immediate impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
It ended legal segregation in public places and banned discrimination in employment.
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 establish?
One fair national test for voting registration and banned states from setting their own voting qualifications without federal approval.
How did Malcolm X view peaceful protest and integration?
He rejected peaceful protest and integration, advocating for Black Nationalism and justifying violence.
What significant change occurred in African American voter registration in Mississippi after the Voting Rights Act?
It rose from 6.7% in 1964 to 67.5% in 1968.
Fill in the blank: The Birmingham Peace Marches were part of Project C, a campaign led by the _____, _____, and _____ in 1963.
[SCLC], [SNCC], [ACMHR]
True or False: The March on Washington was the largest political gathering in U.S. history at the time.
True.
What was the primary goal of Freedom Summer in 1964?
To increase African American voter registration in Mississippi.
What did Martin Luther King Jr. do on March 25, 1965, in Montgomery?
Led around 25,000 people to the state capital.
What was the response of Birmingham’s white business owners after the Birmingham Marches?
They agreed to some desegregation to avoid economic losses.
What major event occurred on ‘Bloody Sunday’?
Protestors were violently attacked by state troops and police at the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
What did the Equal Opportunities Commission established by the Civil Rights Act do?
Investigated workplace discrimination.
What was Malcolm X’s role within the Nation of Islam?
He was a prominent member who helped increase its membership significantly.
What was the membership of the Nation of Islam in 1952?
500 members
How many members did the Nation of Islam grow to within 10 years?
Over 40,000 members
In what year did Malcolm X leave the Nation of Islam?
1964
What organization did Malcolm X establish after leaving the Nation of Islam?
Organization of Afro-American Unity
When was Malcolm X assassinated?
21 February 1965
Which movement was influenced by Malcolm X’s ideas of black pride and self-defense?
Black Power movement
What did Malcolm X criticize about the civil rights movement?
It highlighted economic and social issues that were not being addressed
What was the reaction of many civil rights activists towards Malcolm X?
Viewed as extreme and dangerous
What did the Nation of Islam promote in contrast to integration?
Racial separation
What did Malcolm X refer to the March on Washington as?
The ‘Farce on Washington’
What sparked the emergence of the Black Power movement?
Frustration with slow progress in civil rights and continued discrimination
Who popularized the term ‘Black Power’?
Stokely Carmichael
What did Black Power encourage among African Americans?
Pride in their race, culture, and heritage
What approach did the Black Power movement support?
A more radical approach, including self-defense if attacked
What were some issues expressed by the Black Power movement?
- Segregation * Lack of job opportunities * Conditions in city ghettos
What was the Black Panthers’ main campaign called?
Patrolling the pigs
What did the Black Panthers create to outline their demands?
A Ten-Point Plan
What practical support did the Black Panthers provide to black communities?
- Free healthcare clinics * Breakfast clubs * Free shoes for poor families * Black history classes
What major riot occurred in Watts, Los Angeles, in August 1965?
Watts riot
What event triggered the Watts riot?
The arrest of Marquette Frye for drink-driving
How many major riots occurred in the U.S. between 1964 and 1968?
329 major riots
What report investigated the riots and its findings?
The 1968 Kerner Report; blamed poor ghetto conditions and police brutality
What was the Chicago Freedom Movement aimed at?
Improving housing, education, and employment for African Americans in Chicago
What campaign did Martin Luther King launch in December 1967?
Poor People’s Campaign
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1968 also known as?
Fair Housing Act
What did the Fair Housing Act provide?
Equal housing opportunities regardless of race, religion, or national origin
What legal protection did the Civil Rights Act of 1968 offer?
Made it a federal crime to injure or intimidate individuals based on race
What was the purpose of bussing in the 1970s?
To help desegregate schools
What Supreme Court ruling upheld bussing as a method of desegregation?
Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
What did affirmative action aim to achieve?
Help African Americans access education and jobs
What was Nixon’s Philadelphia Plan?
Set targets for black employment in construction
What did the Griggs vs. Duke Power Company ruling confirm?
The constitutionality of affirmative action
What was a significant effect of Nixon’s civil rights policies?
Civil rights progress slowed due to divisions
