Civil Rights 1865-1965 Flashcards
1
Q
The US System of Checks and Balance: P1.
A
- propose and enforce laws: president and congress
- make foreign treaties: the president
- commander in chief of armed forces: the president
2
Q
P2:
A
- can declare laws unconstitutional: supreme court
- can veto (reject) laws: president
- passes federal laws & raises taxes: congress
3
Q
P3:
A
- appoints supreme court justices: president
- can conduct investigations into the president’s actions. can impeach and remove: congress
- reviews lower court decisions and cause involuntary disputes between states: supreme court
4
Q
13th Amendment:
A
to abolish slavery and involuntary servitude
5
Q
14th Amendment:
A
equal protection, civil war debt and citizenship rights
6
Q
15th Amendment:
A
allow the African Americans the right to vote
7
Q
Jim Crow Laws:
A
- enforced segregation
- from 1880’s to 1960’s
- imposed legal punishments if they:
intermarriage, deal with business owners and public institutions
8
Q
Disenfranchisement: P1.
A
- 1877
- 15th amendment prohibited the explicit disenfranchisement bases of race and prior enslavement
- polling taxes: sharecropping taxes $1-$2 a yr. African Americans and the poorer whites
- couldn’t votes one form of disenfranchisement
- no prosecution in any state that held any individual accountable for the failure of taxes
9
Q
P2:
A
literacy tests:
- 1890
- where explicitly literacy tests would take place
- African Americans 40%-60% couldn’t vote while whites 8%-18%
- you can clearly see the racial divide
- a literate person couldn’t help the illiterate person to have a chance to vote
10
Q
Reconstruction in the South:
A
there were 2 sides:
- opportunities for the African Americans
- Resentment and Violence
11
Q
Reconstruction:
A
- 1865-1877
- After the American Civil War
- the African Americans were emancipated and new rights were introduced
- Southern states controlled the federal government and social legislation
12
Q
NAACP: Martin Luther King
A
- formed in 1909
programmed to:
1. to abolish segregation
2. the equal rights to vote
3. education for the African Americans
4. the enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendments
13
Q
Booker T. Washington:
A
- born into slavery in 1856
- when emancipated after the Civil War completed education and became a teacher
- Wanted the African Americans the right for gradual change of education ( farming and construction ) and the economical aspect
- formed the Tuskegee Institute in 1890
- wanted blacks to voluntary agree with the social segregation and disenfranchisement in exchange for education
- Northern states were not happy and thought that they would always be subordinate and unfree
- died in 1915
14
Q
laws that prevented African-Americans the right to vote:
A
- polling tax
- literacy tests
- property qualifications
- grandfather clauses
15
Q
Ida B Wells: (1862-1931)
A
worked actively to oppose lynching
dispelled the falsehood of white women accusing of rape
became a target of the white supremacists after publishing her view why white women aren’t so innocent
was an advocate for African-Americans women 1896 NAACP
16
Q
WEB Du Bois: (1868-1963)
A
- born in 1868 in Massachusetts, Du Bois excelled in his education and pursued equal rights for Black Americans
-argued that education and civil rights were the only way to equality, and in 1903, he published “The Souls of Black Folks,” criticizing Washington’s accomodationist approach and demanding full civil rights for Black people
17
Q
Birth of a Nation:
A
- movie released in 1915
- portrayed African-Americans as violent, unintelligent
- whilst the KKK were seen as heroic and protectors of the country
- 1920’s huge influence 4-5 million people
18
Q
Tulsa, Oaklahoma, May 1921: Tulsa Race Riot/massacre
A
- massacre of African-Americans by a white supremacy terrorists
- the committed arson and mass murder
- Oklahoma was the land of hope from the escape of the harsher racial realities
- 1,256 houses burned
- 300+ deaths
19
Q
New Deal: Roosevelt
A
- kicked off in 1933
- series of projects and programs during the great depression
- Working progress admissions: provide jobs for unemployed people
- Tennessee valley authority act
- federal government built dams along the river that control flooding and cheap power
20
Q
WWII:
A
- America joined the war in 1941 after Japan launched and attack on the Pearl Harbour, Hawaii
- war lead to great loss of life but created many jobs
- the high employment rate led to affluence and disposable income to boost the economy
21
Q
Impacts of WWII on African-Americans:
A
- home front: form to the New Deal due to the high unemployment rate
- another wave of migration due to open jobs and where less white Americans dominating and their racial structure
- threatened 1941 on a march to Washington 100,000 people Randolph
- Fair Employment Practices Decisions (FEPD): oversaw the war time industries and the racial crimes in court
22
Q
Little Rock Nine, Arkansas: (1957)
A
- 9 African-American students
- first students to desegregate the Little Rock Nine Central High School
- Paved way for other African-American students to have equal access to education
23
Q
Montgomery Bus Boycott: (1955)
A
- Montgomery, Alabama
- Rosa Parks
- Refused to take up her seat to a white personal in a segregated bus
- guilty for violating segregation laws and was fined
- was a political and social protest campaign to oppose the city’s policy on racial segregation in it’s public transit system
24
Q
Wentworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina: (1960)
A
- Four black students
- staged a sit-in
- capture the attention from the media
- sit-ins all around the country
- fought for the segregation laws to gain equality
- SNCC was founded : student non-violent co-ordinating committee
25
Birmingham, Alabama: (1963)
- peaceful protest
- capture the media attention after people were attacked by opposition
- fighting for freedom and desegregating public facilities and schools
26
CORE and the Freedom Riders: (1961)
- Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi
- 450 participants
- Leader: James Farmer
- riders met violent opposition
- mins set bus alight and brutally beat the members
- test the Supreme Court decision that declared desegregation on inter-state buses unconstitutional
27
Martin Luther King: (1929-1968)
- was a civil rights campaigner
- de facto leader
- movements he participated in:
1. montgomery bus boycott (1956)
2. albany (1960)
3. birmingham (1963)
4. march on washington (1964)
5. chicago (1966)
6. poor people’s campaign (1968)
7. selma to montgomery (1965)
28
Malcolm X: (1925-65)
- preacher and revolutionarist
- promoted black independence and was critical of integration: saw blacks as superior
- joined the Nation of Islam
- took a more violent approach when it came to getting civil rights
29
Martin Luther King: continuation
- chicago: (1966)
- focused on employment and housing
- march in july through all the white neighbourhood
- agreement with the housing board to build more houses and offer more mortgages
the poor people’s campaign: (1967-68)
- king’s last campaign focused on economic inequality
- proposed a multi-racial march on washington to address the issue
30
Black Power and Civil Rights:
- no legal/ official segregation in the north: however
- housing and ghettoisation
- police brutality
- inferior schools and public services
- limited opportunities for skilled employment
31
Civil Rights Act: (1964)
- aimed to end discrimination between white and African Americans
- however it’s discrimination in voting led to continued inequality
- selma to montgomery march but was met with violence and blocking
- black votership increased in the following years
32
Detroit, Michigan:
- wants federal government to investigate police brutality
- end race discrimination
- injustices:
- curriculum is racial stereotype
- segregated schools and housing
actions:
- trade union leadership council
- black mums led boycotts of segregated schools
33
Brooklyn, NY:
- end of segregation and inequality
- bin men not going to African American neighbourhoods
- hard to rent out apartments for black people
two demands:
1. integrating school systems
2. fair treatment for black people when renting apartments
