Charles I Flashcards
1
Q
introduction:
A
- born in 1600
- 1625 became king of England
- died in 1649 was executed found guilty for starting the English Civil War
- Inexperienced and was disliked due to this
- believed that he could take taxes without permission from parliament
- dissolved parliament for 11yrs
- married a catholic french queen named Maria Henrietta
2
Q
personality:
A
- never a confident judge of character
- narcissistic and obstinate
- untrustworthy
- cruel and had a lack of sympathy
3
Q
Foreign Policy: War against Spain
A
- 1624: declaration of war on Spain
- Mansfield expedition: recover of the Palatinate
- the Cadiz expedition (1625) was to attack Spain. it was a failure due to inadequate planning, bad finances, unrealistic expectations and failure to detail
- army got drunk and had to evacuate
- Spanish fleet was too strong
- lack of food and water soldiers died due to starvation
- Naval disaster was blamed on Buckingham
4
Q
George Villers, Duke of Buckingham:
A
- born in 1592
- impeachment in 1626 but Charles I dissolved parliament without receiving any financial supply ( heavy spending of the war and extension of grand and tonnage)
- accused of dishonesty, amassing royal offices, corruption and improvising the crown
- had knowledge of the government and court life
- was very close to Charles I in friendship
5
Q
France and La Rochelle (1627):
A
- issue foreign policy rise due to bad relationship with France
- alliance was useless/ no benefit
- betrayal when France used loaned
ships to the French government’s war against Huguenots
6
Q
(1627) continuation:
A
- protestants cause was looking insecure
- War broke out due to Buckingham’s poor diplomacy
- aim: attack french ships & help the huguenots who were being prosecuted
- casualties 5,000 soldiers
- inadequate planning, organisation problems and poor quality
7
Q
(1628):
A
- Charles I called for third parliament due to the accountability of Buckingham’s actions
8
Q
English Civil War:
A
- 1642-1651
9
Q
(1629) ongoing issues with parliament why?
A
- financial problems
- charles personality: rule of monarchy and role of parliament
- religious issues
- ongoing issues over the foreign policy
- favouritism which clouded his judgement on Buckingham & unwavering support
10
Q
Personal Rule:
A
- 1629-1640
- dissolved parliament for 11yrs
- determined to rule without parliament
- couldn’t then ask for grants
- Archbishop Laud who could only answer to Charles I= The Clergy
and was given the right to the religious reforms and practices = The Holiness of Beauty - Richard Weston = Lord’s treasurer and was in charge of royal expenditure
- The Clergy = Charles brought back the “book of sports” that meant activities on Sunday
- led to objectionable puritans since they only wanted Sunday to be a day for religious practice
- opposition reforms;
- the puritans ministers dismissed
- some fled to America
- while some opposed and were persecuted
- Bastwick and Burton who were fined, jailed for life and had part of their ears chopped off = The Star Chamber 1637
11
Q
Forced Loan (1627):
A
- Charles found himself at war without enough money to pay for it
- King insisted. that his subjects would make a gift of moët to the crown, equivalent to the amount parliament would if they voted the anticipated subsidies
- failed to pay, imprisonment without a trial
- maintained the fiction that the tax was voluntary but it was not
- serious questions arose about parliament’s role in the voting taxation
12
Q
Opposition to the Forced Loan:
A
-70 gentlemen were imprisoned without trial
- (five knights case) five gentlemen demanded to know the legal cause if their detention
- the Privy Council replied by saying it was the ‘special command from the king himself’
- resistance to the forced loan was provoked by tax evasion
13
Q
Why did Charles’s relationship with parliament begin badly?
A
- charles marriage to henrietta maria
- failure of the mansfield expedition to recover the palatine had become common knowledge
- Charles I had begun collecting Tonnage and Poundage without parliaments consent
14
Q
quarrels between the King and Parliament:
A
- Foreign policy:
- two military failures: mansfield and cadiz expeditions
- subsidies that parliament voted for against Spain was misappropriated. - Finance:
- parliament agreed for the new king p&t for one year only as a gift from the ppl
- Charles I needed the money so collected it both before parliament approved and after the one year - Royal Marriage:
- marriage contract said that she was free to practice catholic so brought her priest to the the White Hall
- parliament saw this as a threat to the English Church - Divine Right:
- Charles did not explain himself adequately to this first parliament
- may have seen parliaments willingness or not, to trust his judgement as a test of loyalty
15
Q
continuation:
A
- Royal interference in the choice of MP’s:
- before the parliament of 1626, Buckingham and the king tried to remove the main opposition leaders from the commons by selecting them as sheriffs
- Sheriffs duty was to remain at their counties away form London - Parliamentary Privileges:
- the king antagonised the lords by sending the Earl of Arundel to the Tower
- lords protested, the king released him
- led to the impression that Charles I did not believe in parliaments privileges - Impeachment:
- before Parliament 1626, Buckingham impeachment began, it introduced a bill to give the king 4 subsidies
- parliament would pass the bill if Buckingham impeachment was done
- king dissolved parliament and lost the subsidies
16
Q
Edward Coke:
A
- lawyer and MP
- supported the decision to grant the king Tonnage and Poundage for only one year
- the king felt insulted
- 1621: led the charge against the royal prerogative
- helped write the protestantation of his privileges being the ‘ancient birthright of the subjects of England’
- 1626: king made him county sheriff the keep him out of parliament
17
Q
The Five Knights Case:
A
- five men were imprisoned for refusing to pay the forced loan
- challenges their imprisonment by issuing writs of Habeas, demanding to know why they had been imprisoned
- trail focused on the main constitutional idea:
- why did the king have the right to remand prisoners without showing just cause or not?
18
Q
Billeting and Martial Law:
A
- billeting of soldiers:
- as troops were preparing for the war, the king demanded that civilians households should feed them from their own expenses
Martial Law:
- England’s lack of a permanent army, led to a mix of soldiers and civilians, suspension of normal legal processes led to resentment among locals
Ship Money:
- one time tax on coastal counties and ports to fund ships increased
- asserting sovereignty over the English Channel and required foreign ships to salute to English warships
19
Q
issues which the king and parliament quarrelled?
A
- foreign poilcy
- royal marriage
- finance
- royal interference of the choice of MP’s
- Impeachment of Buckingham
- Divine Right
- Parliamentary Privileges
20
Q
Long Parliament (Turning Point): 1. The execution of Strafford
A
- 12th May 1641
- King signs the death warrant
- important: caused an uproar in parliament
- decisive: creates division and chaos within parliament
- created fear
- king allows it to happen to reduce chaos
21
Q
The Irish Rebellion:
A
- 12th November 1641
- important: institutional loss of power
- king loses control
- 4,000 people massacred
- decisive: royalists vs parliamentarians
- large massacre cause of revolt and vengeance to occur due to the martyrs
22
Q
The Grand Remonstrance:
A
- end of Nov 1641
- important: took control of the king’s ministers
- expelled all catholics from House of Lords etc.
- decisive: pym evidently displayed his dislike towards the king
- taking away his control of the army
- gained support through opposition
23
Q
The attempted arrest of the 5 members:
A
- 4th January 1642
- important: king was humiliated and became powerless
- not in control
- decisive: king sat in the speaker’s chair to assert dominance and authority
- mocking the parliamentarian’s power
- king forced to flee, life threatening
24
Q
Militia Bill:
A
- March 1642
- important: the country starts to divide between parliament controlled areas and the king controlled areas
-North starts to go catholic - decisive: parliament installed complete power
- charles losing to parliament
25
Q
The Nineteen Propositions:
A
- June 1642
- set by parliament
- had an advantage over the king
- important: prerogative powers were taken away from the king
- Shows how far parliament have come
decisive: officially no more trust between the king and parliament - Parliament betrays the king yet still demands rights from him
