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america > civil rights > Flashcards

civil rights Flashcards

1
Q

Dates and summaries of:
Plessy v Ferguson
Williams v Mississippi
Cumming v Richmond board of education

A

Plessy v Ferguson, 1896
Introduced separate but equal

Williams v Mississippi, 1898
Upheld the legality of poll taxes etc.

Cumming v Richmond board of education, 1899
Sanctioned segregation in schools

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2
Q

By 1900 what percentage of African Americans in south could vote?

A

2-8%

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3
Q

Between 1915-1925 how many African Americans migrated North?

A

1.25 million African Americans migrated North

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4
Q

What percentage of African Americans in Chicago took part in the Chicago elections by 1920?
How much of Washington was African American by 1910?

A

60% of African Americans in chicago took part in chicago elections

⅓ of washington african american 1910

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5
Q

How did the Great migration improve the lives of African Americans?

A

North meant improved living conditions for individual black people: less lynching, few jim crow laws, more political influcne, more jobs and better pay. (were negative effects too) On a larger scale the Great Migration allowed black communities and culture to form, black race consciousness to form, and arguably laid the foundation for the civil rights movement. Harlem renaissance helps to undermine barriers between races.

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6
Q

When did Booker T Washington found the Tuskegee institute?

A

1881

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7
Q

When was the NAACP founded?

A

1909

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8
Q

How much did NAACP membership increase during the second world war?

A

NAACP membership increased eightfold, from 50,000 to 450,000

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9
Q

When was Guinn v. United States and what did it rule?

A

1915
struck down the ‘grandfather clause’
Oklahoma (however Oklahoma still passed laws to make it harder to vote)

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10
Q

During WW1 how much did NAACP membership grow? How many members and branches by 1920?

A

Increased 10 fold

90,000 members and 300 branches by 1920

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11
Q

In 1930 what percentage of schools in Chicago were segregated?

A

32%

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12
Q

As part of the New Deal, how many black Americans received aid from FERA?

A

30%

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13
Q

What was the FEPC, when and why was it set up and when was it dissolved?

A

FEPC -Fair Employment Practices Committee
set up in 1941
forced by AP Randolphs threatened march on Washington
Dissolved 1946

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14
Q

When did Truman desegregate the navy and army?

A

1946, 1948

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15
Q

what year were:
Henderson v. US
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
Sweatt v. Painter

summarise

A

1950
Henderson v. US
challenged de-facto segregation on transport

McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
challenged a black student not being allowed into Oklahoma university

Sweatt v. Painter
challenged doctrine of ‘separate but equal’

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16
Q

When did the bus boycott start, how long was it and how many people took part?

A

December first 1955

a year long, 50,000 people took part

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17
Q 
When were the 
Civil Rights Act
Fair Housing Act
and Interracial Marriage Acts 
passed?
A

July 2nd 1964
1968
1967

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18
Q

When was the Washington march, who organised it, and how many people attended?

A

1963, AP Randolph, MLK, 250,000 people attended and 3000 members of the press

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19
Q

what are executive order 11478 and the Philadelphia plan examples of?

A

Affirmative action

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20
Q

When was Alexander v Holmes Board of Education and what was the ruling?

A

1969, ordered the immediate desegregation of public schools in the American South

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21
Q

By 1974 what percentage of black children attended all black schools as opposed to 1969?

A

8% in 1974 compared to 68% in 1969

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22
Q

When was the first ever African American Chief of Defence Staff appointed?

A

1989

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23
Q

By 1980 how many African American workers held white collar jobs?

A

1/3 of African American workers held white collar jobs

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24
Q

One example of racism in war department WW1

A

majority of African Americans used in labour units

25
Q

What important thing did the New Deal established (long term significant for civil rights)

A

Civil rights section of the justice department

26
Q

What did the new deal and Roosevelt do that show that Roosevelt was not concerned about civil rights

A

Roosevelt failed to support anti-lyniching bills and New Deal organisations like TVA discriminated against African Americans, for example the TVA refused to hire black workers.

27
Q

In 1925 what organisation did AP Randolph start?

A

the nation’s first major Black labor union in chicago

28
Q

What was the ‘double v campaign’?

A

a slogan/campaign - victory abroad and victory at home (for African Americans)

29
Q

What protest brought Martin Luther King to the forefront of the civil rights movement?

A

Montgomery bus boycott

30
Q

What was a drawback to Brown v. Board of eduction (1954)

A

It didn’t set a timescale for the desegregation. The Brown II ruling a year later instructed schools to desegregate ‘with all deliberate speed’.

31
Q

When did Reagan try to veto the Civil Rights Restoration Act and why was this significant?

A

March 16, 1988

first time a president had tried to veto a civil rights act for like a while

32
Q

How did Reagan negatively impact civil rights/lives of African Americans?

A

Reduced funding for civil rights division of Justice department
reduced funding for EEOC and other aid (20% of African Americans reliant on this aid)

33
Q

When were the black panthers formed and how many members did they have at their height

A

1966

5000

34
Q

When was King assasinated

A

1968

35
Q

When did the Little Rock Nine attempt to go to Little Rock Central High School, Alabama?

A

1957

36
Q

What was the life expectancy for African Americans in 1990 compared to white Americans?

A

69/76

37
Q

What three rulings in the 1890s made the lives of African Americans worse?

A

Plessy v. Fergusson (separate but equal)
William v. Mississipi (poll tax ect)
Cumming v. Richmond board of education (segregation in schools)

38
Q

What three rulings in 1950 improved the lives of African Americans?

A

Sweat v. Painter (separate but equal)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma state regents (university)
Henderson v. US (segregation on transport)

39
Q

When was the SCLC founded and what made it different to previous civil rights groups?

A

January 1957

It was more focused on the moral and religious element of segregation

40
Q

1890-1910, what was more of a priority to government than civil rights?

A

The need to appease the south and maintain the union

Foreign policy

41
Q

By 1900 how many African Americans attended school?

A

by 1900 1.5 million African Americans attended school

42
Q

During WW2, what did the number of black Americas in government increase to? what did black income rise to?

A

black americans in government increased from 50,000 to 200,000 and average black income rose from 41% to 48% of white income

43
Q

What was a drawback if the Mclaurin v. Oklahoma ruling?

A

Mclaurin v. Oklahoma, McLaren, though allowed to attend the university, was segregated from other students

44
Q

As a result of the Brown v Board of education ruling, what percentage of schools in Washington, Maryland and Kentucky became desegregated very quickly?

A

70% of schools in places like Washington, Maryland and Kentucky became desegregated very quickly

45
Q

When were the Freedom Rides and who organised them and what did they highlight?

A

The Freedom rides, 1961, were organised by CORE and highlighted the remaining segregation and violence despite segregation in bus terminals being deemed unlawful in Boynton v Virginia (1960).

46
Q

What protests directly contributed to the passing of the civil rights act?

A

Birmingham Alabama protest, 1963
Washington March, 1963
John F. Kennedy pushes for a radical Civil Rights bill in June 11, 1963, accompanied by a speech where came out I. Support of the peaceful Civil Rights movement.

47
Q

how did the move to the ‘new south’ improve the lives of African Americans?

A

the move to the ‘new south’ improved the lives of African Americans more drastically than the actions of Federl govmenet and protest groups as in the south industry was booming, jim crow laws had ended, segregation was greatly reduced, and the move back south allowed economic gains for many black americans.

48
Q

How many southern cities were inspired by the bus boycott?

A

it inspired similar successful boycotts in 20 southern cities

49
Q

What protest forced the voting rights act to be passed

A

Selma 1965

50
Q

How many African Americans were lyched in 1892 alone?

A

235 African Americans were lynched in 1892.

51
Q

What group did Martin Luther King form as an offshoot of the MIA?

A

The SCLC

52
Q

How much did businesses lose as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and what impact did this have?

A

Businessmen lost $1 million and, as a result, some businesses in Montgomery started working against segregation.

53
Q

What did King say was the key to everything?

A

Federal commitment

54
Q

What were Nixon’s two big policies?

A

Affirmative Action

Bussing

55
Q

By 1990, what was the difference in the percentage of white Americans and black Americans graduating from universities?

A

21% of white Americans but only 11% of black Americans

56
Q

How much did African American voting numbers in the south increase from 1940-1947?

A

In 1940, only 3% of African Americans in the south could vote. This increased to 12% in 1947 thanks to the Smith v. Allwright case.

57
Q

When were Gaines v Canada and Smith v Alright and what did they rule

A

Gaines v Canada 1938 - said that ‘separate but equal’ did actually have to be equal - which didn’t actual result in much but allowed the NAACP to pursue more court cases and stuff

Smith v Alright 1944 - made all-white primary elections illegal

58
Q

the voting rights act was passed in August 1965 - by the end of 1965 how many new African American voters had been registered? What was the act a blow to?

A

by the end of 1965 25,000 new African American voters had been registered and the passing of the act was a powerful blow against the idea of ‘states rights’,

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