Circulatory System and Cardiac Development

Question 1

What are two sources of RBCs during development?

Answer 1

extreaembryonic and intraembryonic

Question 2

What is the extraembryonic source of RBCs?

Answer 2

blood islets (splanchnic mesoderm) of yolk sac

Question 3

What is the intraembryonic source of RBCs?

Answer 3

early - liver and spleen
late - bone marrow

Question 4

What are the three types of hemoglobin produced during development?

Answer 4

embryonic, fetal, adult

Question 5

What is embryonic hemoglobin?

Answer 5

epsilon and zeta

Question 6

What is fetal hemoglobin?

Answer 6

alpha and gamma

Question 7

What is adult hemoglobin?

Answer 7

alpha, beta, delta

Question 8

Fate of aortic arch 1?

Answer 8

degenerates

Question 9

Fate of aortic arch 2?

Answer 9

degenerates

Question 10

Fate of aortic arch 3?

Answer 10

common and internal carotids

Question 11

Fate of aortic arch 4?

Answer 11

right subclavian artery, left aortic arch

Question 12

Fate of aortic arch 5?

Answer 12

degenerates

Question 13

Fate of aortic arch 6?

Answer 13

right and left pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus

Question 14

Role of foramen primum?

Answer 14

opening between atria, becomes foramen ovale

Question 15

Role of septum primum?

Answer 15

becomes valve flap over foramen ovale, develops foramen secundum, fuses with endocardial cushion

Question 16

Role of septum secundum?

Answer 16

fuses over foramen ovale

Question 17

Role of endocardial cushions?

Answer 17

defines AV canals, forms AV valves

Question 18

Role of interventricular septum?

Answer 18

fuses with endocardial cushions -> septum membraneceum

Question 19

Role of septum membraneceum?

Answer 19

septum between ventricles

Question 20

Role of truncus arteriosus?

Answer 20

partition to form pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 21

umbilical vein (c)

Answer 21

round ligament (a)

Question 22

ductus venosus (c)

Answer 22

ligamentum venosum (a)

Question 23

foramen ovale (c)

Answer 23

fossa ovalis (a)

Question 24

ductus arteriosus (c)

Answer 24

ligamentum arteriosum (a)

Question 25

umbilical arteries (c)

Answer 25

lateral umbilical ligaments (a)

Question 26

What pressure changes take place from fetal to adult circulation?

Answer 26

decrease in placental circulation
increase in shock response
decrease in pulmonary circuit resistance
aortic pressure is greater than pulmonary artery pressure
left side has high pressure and right side has low pressure, leading to closing of foramen ovale flap

Question 27

patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 27

mixing of A-V blood
pulmonary hypertensionatrial

Question 28

atrial septal defect

Answer 28

blood travels from left to right of heart
right side is enlarges

Question 29

ventricular septal defect

Answer 29

fusions problems of endocardial cushion
failure of septum membraneceum to form
left to right blood shuntin
pulmonary hypertension

Question 30

transposition of the great arteries

Answer 30

aorta and pulmonary arteries switch
“blue baby” cyanosis
latency of formant ovale and paten ductus arteriosus permit life

Question 31

persistent truncus arteriosus

Answer 31

failure of separation of aortic and pulmonary arteries
ventricular septal defect keeps alive
“blue baby” cyanosis

Question 32

tetralogy of fallot

Answer 32

pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, patent ductus arteriosus
“blue baby”

Question 33

hypertrophic cardio myopathy

Answer 33

enlarged heart
autosomal dominant
inter ventricular septum grows and invades left ventricle chamber

Question 34

coarctation of the aorta

Answer 34

constrictor points in aorta distribution pipeline

Question 35

marfan’s syndrome

Answer 35

genetic defect
weak connective tissue
aortic aneurysms
young death

Question 36

eclampsia

Answer 36

toxemia of pregnancy
occurs during late pregnancy
hypertension in pregnant women
decrease in renal blood flow
salt retention by body