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Topic 3B: More Exchange and Transport Systems > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of multi-cellular organisms e.g mammals that need a specialized transport system? - circulatory system

A

Low surface to volume ratio

Use to carry raw materials to their body cells

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2
Q

What is the circulatory system made out of?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
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3
Q

Where does the heart pump blood trough?

A
  • Blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) - to reach different parts of the body
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4
Q

What do blood transport?

A

Respiratory gases

products of digestion

metabolic wastes

hormones round the body

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5
Q

What are the two circuits of circulatory system?

A
  • One takes blood from the heart to the lungs then back to heart
  • Other loop takes blood around the rest of the body
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6
Q

How does the heart has its own blood suppy?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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7
Q

What is this?

A

Aorta

oxygenated blood to body

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8
Q

What is this?

A

Pulmonary artery

deoxygenated blood to lungs

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9
Q

What is this?

A

Left coronary artery

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10
Q

What is this?

A

Right coronary artery

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11
Q

What is this?

A

Deoxygenated blood to heart

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12
Q

Diagram of artery

A
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13
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

Carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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14
Q

How are arteries’s walls adapted for function?

A

The walls are thick and muscular

they have elastic tissue to stretch and recoil as the heart beats

this helps to maintain high pressure

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15
Q

How is the inner lining (endothelium) folded is adapted for artery;’s function?

A

Allow the artery to stretch

this also maintains high pressure

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16
Q

What do all arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated blood expect pulmonary arteries

take deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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17
Q

What are arteries divide into smaller vessels called…?

A

Arterioles - form a network throughout the body

18
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Blood is directed to different areas of demand in the body by muscles in arterioles

which contract to restrict or relax to allow full blood flow

19
Q

Diagram of vein

A
20
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Take blood back to the heart under lower pressure

21
Q

Properties of lumen and muscle wall with veins

A
  • Have a wider lumen than equivalent arteries
  • Very little elastic or muscle tissue
22
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To stop the blood flowing backwards

23
Q

How is blood flow through veins is helped by?

A

Contraction of the body muscles surrounding them

24
Q

What do all veins carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood (oxygen used up by body cells)

expect pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

25
Q

What do arterioles branch into?

A

Capillaries - smallest of blood vessels

(e.g glucose and oxygen are exchanged between cells and capillaries so adapted to efficient diffusion)

26
Q

Diagram of capillaries

A
27
Q

Properties of capillaries

A
  • Always found near cells in exchange tissues (e.g alveoli in lungs) - short diffusion pathway
  • Walls are also one cell thick - shortens diffusion pathway
  • A large number of capillaries so increase SA for exchange
    • The network of capillaries in tissues are called capillary beds
28
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Fluid that surrounds cells in tissues

29
Q

What is tissue fluid made up of?

A

Small molecules that leave the blood plasma

e.g O2 , water and nutrients

30
Q

What does tissue fluid not contain?

A

Red blood cells or big proteins

-they are too large to be pushed out of the capillary walls

31
Q

What do cells take in from tissue fluid?

A

Oxygen and nutrients

release metabolic waste into it

32
Q

In capillary bed , the substances move in and out of the capillaries into tissue fluid by what?

A

Pressure filtration

33
Q

Steps of formation of tissue fluid

A
  • At the start of capillary bed (nearest arteries), the hydrostatic pressure inside capillaries is greater than in tissue fluid
  • The difference means outward pressure forces fluid out of capillaries and into spaces around cells forming tissue fluid
    • Water and smaller molecules forced out e.g 02, Na+ and glucose
    • Large molecules stay inside capillary e.g proteins
34
Q

Return of tissue fluid

A
  • As fluid leaves , hydrostatic pressure reduces capillaries - so pressure lower at venule end of capillary bed (nearest to veins)
  • Water potential is lower than in tissue fluid due to the increasing concentration of plasma proteins (don’t leave the capillary bed)
  • Some water re-enters the capillaries from tissue fluid to venule end by osmosis
  • Hydrostatic pressure drop in capillary so water moves down pressure gradient
35
Q

What happens to the excess tissue fluid?

A

Drains into the lymphatic system (network of tubes -act as frain)

transport this excess tissue fluid and puts back into circulatory system

36
Q

Name all blood vessels entering and leaving the heart

A
  • Entering
    • Vena Cava
    • Pulmonary veins
  • Exiting
    • Aorta
    • Pulmonary arteries
37
Q

List four types of blood vessel

A
  • Arteries
  • artieroles
  • Veins
  • capillaries
38
Q

Explain why water returns to capillary at the venule end of the capillary bed

A

Due to fluid loss

Increasing concentration of plasma proteins (don’t leave the capillaries)

water potential at the venule end of capillary bed is lower than water potential in tissue fluid

Some water re-enters the capillaries from tissue fluid at the venule end by osmosis

39
Q

Describe two structural features of an artery and explain how each feature relates to function

A
  • e.g elastic tissue in walls - stretch and recoil as heartbeats to maintain high pressure
  • Inner lining (endothelium) is folded so that artery can expand when the heartbeat causes a surge of blood
40
Q

At the arteriole end of a capillary bed the hydrostatic pressure is 5.1kPa in a capillary

and 0.13 kPa in the space around the cells

Explain the effect this has no movement of fluid between capillary and cell space

A

The hydrostatic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure around cells

So fluid moves out of capillary into spaces of the cells

Topic 3B: More Exchange and Transport Systems (6 decks)

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