Circulatory System

Question 1

Open Circulatory System

Answer 1

• In insects, arthropods, and most molluscs
• Circulatory fluid called Hemolymph
• No distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
• No capillaries
• Pressure is lower

Question 2

Closed Circulatory System

Answer 2

• Annelids, cephalopods, vertebrates
• Blood is distinct from interstitial fluid
• Pressure is higher
• Blood flows one way

Question 3

Cardiovascular System

Answer 3

• Humans and vertebrates
• Heart contains two or more chambers
• Arteries, veins and capillaries

Question 4

Single Circulation

Answer 4

• Bony fishes, rays, sharks
• Two chambered heart
• Blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds, then returns

Question 5

Double Circulation in Reptiles

Answer 5

• Pulmonary circuit and Systematic circuit

- Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately

Question 6

Double Circulation in Mammals & Birds

Answer 6

Heart separated into two ventricles and pulmonary and systematic blood are completely separated

Question 7

Exchange of Substances

Answer 7

The exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid takes place across the thin endothelial walls of capillaries

Question 8

Blood Composition

Answer 8

Plasma and other cellular elements (red & white)

Question 9

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, & platelets …

Answer 9

Develop from stem cells in the red marrow of bones to replenish the body’s blood cells

Question 10

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 10

A hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production when O2 delivery is low

Question 11

Cardiovascular Disease

Answer 11

Disorders of the heart and blood vessels

Question 12

Heart Attack

Answer 12

Damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue

Question 13

Stroke

Answer 13

Death of nervous tissue in the brain

Question 14

Gas Exchange

Answer 14

Supplies O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2

- Movement of gas depends on its partial pressure

Question 15

Aquatic Respiration

Answer 15

Gills: dense network of capillaries facilitating gas exchange
Requirements:
1. Surface area
2. Thickness of lamellae
3. Oxygen Gradient

Question 16

Tracheal Systems

Answer 16

Found in insects

- Network of branching tubes throughout the body that supply O2 directly to body cells

Question 17

How do birds breathe?

Answer 17

• Have 8 to 9 air sacs
• Air passes through lungs in one direction
• Different sacs contain air so the bird is constantly oxygenated

Question 18

How do amphibians breathe?

Answer 18

Force air down the trachea (positive pressure breathing)

Question 19

How do mammals breathe?

Answer 19

Ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing where air moves down pressure gradient into lungs

Question 20

How do humans control their breathing?

Answer 20

Negative feedback loop regulates breathing by detecting changes in pH

Question 21

Respiratory Pigments

Answer 21

Proteins that transport O2, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry