CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 2 Flashcards by Robeah Joy Sedigo

❖ First choice of location for
venipuncture
❖ Veins are near the surface and
large enough to give access to
the blood
❖ Anatomical arrangement of AC
veins varies slightly

Antecubital Fossa

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means “in front of the elbow”

Antecubital

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Pattern Antecubital Veins

H- Pattern Antecubital Veins
M- Pattern Antecubital Veins

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means a “shallow depression”

Fossa

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Displayed by majority of the population

H-Pattern Antecubital Veins

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center of AC
first choice for venipuncture
anchored and more stable
least painful
least likely to bruise

MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN

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follows along the thumb side of
the arm
2nd choice of vein for
venipuncture
slightly difficult to palpate
near the lateral antebrachial
cutaneous nerve

CEPHALIC VEIN

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follows along the lateral aspect of
AC
3rd choice of vein for
venipuncture
difficult to palpate
has tendency to roll
near the brachial artery and
median cutaneous nerve, thus
tends to be more painful

BASILIC VEIN

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Transportation system for the body to transfer substances

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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circulates blood through lungs

Pulmonary System

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supplies cells with needed nutrients and removing waste products

Systemic System

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primary factory for production of blood cells

Bone marrow

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Other sites of blood cell production:

(1) lymph nodes, (2) thymus, (3) spleen

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Function of Blood

✓Carry oxygen to body issues
✓Remove the waste product carbon
dioxide
✓Carries all nutrients to all parts of
the body
✓Moves products to the lungs,
kidneys, liver and skin

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Blood volume varies on the size of
individual
Only 2.5% of an individual’s blood
can be taken
No more than 5% of total patient’s
blood can be taken in
30 days

Blood Volume

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Adult – contains approx. ________

5 litters of blood

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Preterm infant – contains ________

100ml of blood

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Continuous, regulated process of
renewal, proliferation,
differentiation, and maturation of
all blood cell lines
Results in release of blood cells
from bone marrow into
circulation
Decrease of size through
maturation
Immature cells found in the
bloodstream are indicative of
hematologic problem

HEMATOPOIESIS

✓Appears clear, pale-yellow fluid
✓ Used for many laboratory tests

SERUM

SERUM
❖ Blood removed from the body
will coagulate/clot within _____
❖ Clot contains enmeshed _____ network
❖Remaining fluid portion is _____
❖ Separated with other
components by _____

❖ Blood removed from the body will coagulate/clot within (30-60 mins)
❖ Clot contains enmeshed (fibrin) network
❖Remaining fluid portion is (serum)
❖ Separated with other components by (centrifugation)

❖ Appears clear to slightly haze
pale-yellow fluid
❖Liquid portion of blood inside the
body
* Can be acquired outside of the
body through anticoagulants
* Anticoagulated blood is called a
whole-blood specimen
- blood in the same form as it is
in the bloodstream
❖Contains fibrinogen and clotting
factors
❖ Buffy Coat – contains mixture of leukocytes and thrombocytes

PLASMA

Anticoagulated blood is called a
_____

whole-blood specimen

contains mixture of leukocytes and thrombocytes

Buffy Coat

Blood Elements
Consists of:

(1) liquid portion (plasma/serum) – 55%

(2) cellular elements – 45%
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Thrombocytes ( Platelets )

* Consists of hemoglobin ❖ iron-containing pigment of RBCs ❖ holds oxygen molecules * Contains antigen on the service ❖ determines individual’s blood type ❖ can react with antibodies ❖ significant in identifying blood compatibility

RED BLOOD CELLS

RED BLOOD CELLS * Size(Mature) : _____ * Nucleus (Mature) : _____ * Shape: _____ * Viability inside the body: _____

* Size(Mature) : 7-8 um * Nucleus (Mature) : Absent * Shape: Biconcave * Viability inside the body: 120

* Produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes * Begin as undifferentiated stem cells * Immature: Blasts Cells * Vary greatly in size * Some may have granules * Has staining characteristics for differentiation (differential count)

LEUKOCYTES

* Smallest of the formed elements * Fragments of megakaryocyte * Aids in clotting process

THROMBOCYTES

❖Spins blood in upright position ❖Speeds up separation of components ➢ separates according to weight ➢ heavier cellular components tend to settle at the bottom ❖Must be in a balanced position ❖ Blood must be allowed to clot for at least 30 minutes before centrifugation

CENTRIFUGATION

❖ Conversion of liquid blood into a semisolid gel called “clot” ❖ Critical component of hemostasis ✓ ability of the body to arrest or stop bleeding ✓ coagulation process causing formation of blood clot ❖ Requires activation of coagulation factors

COAGULATION

Conversion of liquid blood into a semisolid gel called _____

clot

HEMOSTATIS PROCESS

Primary hemostasis Secondary hemostasis

I. Vasoconstriction – damaged vessels constrict to limit bleeding II. Platelet aggregation- formation of platelet clump III. Platelet adhesion – adherence of clumps to injured area

Primary hemostasis

Traditionally been tested by “bleeding time “

Primary hemostasis

damaged vessels constrict to limit bleeding

Vasoconstriction

formation of platelet clump

Platelet aggregation

adherence of clumps to injured area

Platelet adhesion

➢ needed for more serious injuries ➢involves formation of fibrin clot ➢ complex series of coagulation cascade I. Intrinsic Pathway – vascular injury II. Extrinsic Pathway – tissue injury Platelet → Factor Activation → Calcium → Prothrombin to Thrombin → Fibrinogen to Fibrin → Clot ➢ Once injury is repaired, fibrinolysis occurs ➢ This breaks down the fibrin into FDPs (Fibrin degradation products)

Secondary hemostasis

vascular injury

Intrinsic Pathway

tissue injury

Extrinsic Pathway

Secondary hemostasis _____ → _____ → _____ → _____ to Thrombin → Fibrinogen to Fibrin → Clot

Secondary hemostasis Platelet → Factor Activation → Calcium → Prothrombin to Thrombin → Fibrinogen to Fibrin → Clot

Secondary hemostasis Platelet → Factor Activation → Calcium → Prothrombin to _____ → _____ to Fibrin → Clot

Platelet → Factor Activation → Calcium → Prothrombin to Thrombin → Fibrinogen to Fibrin → Clot

Secondary hemostasis Platelet → Factor Activation → Calcium → Prothrombin to Thrombin → Fibrinogen to ____→ _____

Platelet → Factor Activation → Calcium → Prothrombin to Thrombin → Fibrinogen to Fibrin → Clot

❖ Blood tubes with anticoagulants prevent the coagulation cascade from progressing ❖ Important in preventing collected blood from clotting in the tubes ❖To prevent from clotting, the tube contains chemical anticoagulant ❖Anticoagulants works by removing calcium or by inhibiting prothrombin to thrombin

COAGULATION