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Unit 3 biology > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

difference between open and closed circulation systems?

A

open= heart pumps blood into vessels that are open ended, e.g- insects
closed= blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels, e.g- in humans

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2
Q

advantages of a closed circulatory system?

A
  • blood can be pumped faster
  • blood flow rate to different organisms can be changed
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3
Q

what are the functions of the circulatory system?

A
  • to carry oxygen from the blood to the rest of the body
  • to carry digested food from the small intestine to all the other parts of the body that need it
  • to distribute heat
  • fights diseases using white blood cells
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4
Q

explain double circulation system?

A

pulmonary= pumps blood to the lungs and back to the heart again
systemic= pumps blood to body systems and back to the heart

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5
Q

advantages of double circulation system?

A
  • separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood
  • blood pressure can be kept high
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6
Q

name and explain the systemic systems 3 subsystems?

A

coronary= supplies blood to the heart
renal= supplies blood to kidneys
hepatic portal circulation= supplies blood to the liver, stomach, intestines

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7
Q

define portal system?

A

blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries

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8
Q

explain characteristics of arteries?

A

transports blood away from the heart
carries oxygenated blood
has narrow lumens
thick walls of muscle and elastic tissue
transports blood under high pressure
doesn’t have valves apart from the semi-lunar valves

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9
Q

explain characteristics of veins?

A

transports blood towards the heart
carries deoxygenated blood
has wide lumens
thin walls of muscle and elastic tissue
transports blood under low pressure
has valves

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10
Q

what are the functions of capillaries?

A

supplies tissues with substances in the blood, and to remove waste from the surrounding tissue

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11
Q

what are venules?

A

small vessels that drain blood from the capillaries into veins

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12
Q

what are arterioles?

A

tiny branches of arteries that transport blood from arteries to capillaries

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13
Q

what is the location of the heart?

A

between the lungs, behind the breast bone, slightly above the diaphragm

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14
Q

what is the structure of the heart?

A

a hollow structure made of cardiac muscle, surrounded by the pericardium

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15
Q

role of the semi-lunar valves?

A

prevents backflow into the ventricles

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16
Q

role of the tricuspid valves?

A

prevents backflow into right atrium

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17
Q

role of bicuspid valve?
when I left, I said bye

A

prevents backflow into left atrium

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18
Q

explain blood flow through the heart?

A

oxygen poor blood flows from the body into the right atrium and then into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps that blood to the lungs, where the blood releases waste gases and picks up oxygen. The newly oxygen rich blood returns to the heart and enters the left atrium, then into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body

19
Q

what is the function of the cardiac muscle?

A

never fatigues, contraction of the cardiac muscle drives blood around the body

20
Q

what is heartbeat controlled by?

A

pacemaker in the right atrium. This sends an electric signal to the cardiac muscle

21
Q

what is the contraction of the heart muscle called?

A

systole

22
Q

what is the relaxation of the heart muscle called?

A

diastole

23
Q

explain how atrial systole occurs?

A

messages are transmitted as electric impulses that cause the left and right atria to contract, this contraction is called atrial systole

24
Q

explain how ventricular systole occurs?

A

the AV node causes the ventricles to contract

25
Q

where is the Sino-atrial node or pacemaker found and what’s it’s function?

A

in the walls of the right atrium
causes the atria to contract= atrial systole

26
Q

Where is the atrio-ventricular node found and what’s it’s function?

A

In the septum
causes the ventricles to contract= ventricular systole

27
Q

what are the sounds of heart caused by?

A

closing of the valves

28
Q

what is the average heart rate per minute?

A

70-80 bpm

29
Q

what is the average pulse rate per minute?

A

72 bpm

30
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

force of the blood pressing against the blood vessel walls

31
Q

what are the effects of smoking on circulation system?

A

1) nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure
2) hardens the arteries
3) increased risk of heart disease

32
Q

what are the effects of diet on circulation system?

A

1) high intake of fat, causes a build up of cholesterol, blocks the arteries and leads to strokes or heart attacks
2) high salt intake, raises blood pressure which can lead to heart attacks
3) lack of protein, lowers blood pressure

33
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

1) transport of food, waste products and hormones by plasma
2) transport of oxygen by red blood cells
3) defence against disease

34
Q

what are the components of plasma made up of?

A

90% water, 7% protein and 3% dissolved materials

35
Q

explain red blood cells?

A

function= transports oxygen
also called erythrocytes, tiny
round biconcave-disc, large surface area
flexible cell membranes
lose their nucleus and mitochondria at maturity

36
Q

explain anaemia and sickle cell anaemia?

A
  • the lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells
    due to a mutation in the shape of a red blood cell which means they cannot carry oxygen properly
37
Q

explain white blood cells?

A

defend the body against pathogens
also called leucocytes
colourless cells with no definite shape
posses a nucleus
made by bone marrow and mature in the spleen

38
Q

function of lymphocytes?

A

make antibodies

39
Q

what are monocytes?

A

large cells that engulf and digest bacteria and other particles by phagocytosis

40
Q

explain platelets?

A

also called thrombocytes
made in the bone marrow
no nucleus
carry specialised blood clotting chemicals which are released where blood vessels are injured

41
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

blood clots reduce loss of blood and prevent the entry of micro-organisms

42
Q

which blood is the universal donor?

A

O-

43
Q

which blood is the universal acceptor?

A

AB+

44
Q
A

Unit 3 biology (5 decks)

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