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Bio 20 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of your heart? (outside)

A
  • right and left atrium
  • right and left ventricle
  • superior and inferior vena cava
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins
  • apex of heart
  • diagonal line running from top to bottom of heart
  • aorta
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2
Q

What are the components of the inside of heart?

A
  • right and left atrium
  • right and left ventricle
  • superior and inferior vena cava
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
  • av valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral)
  • semilunar valves
  • septum
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3
Q

Why do the walls of the atriums and ventricles have different thicknesses?

A

They have different thicknesses because the atriums job is to catch the blood while the ventricles job is to push the blood out.
The ventricles walls are thicker to help aid with the pressure that the ventricle goes through to pump the blood out.

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4
Q

What does the atria and ventricle do?

A

The atrium catches blood while the ventricle is what pushes blood.

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5
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

The pulmonary circuit is the pathway of blood between heart and lungs.
- arteries carry oxygen poor while veins carry oxygen rich

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6
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

carries blood between heart and body system.
- arteries carry oxygen rich while veins carry oxygen poor

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7
Q

What is the main functions of the circulatory system?

A
  1. the system transports gases, waste materials and hormones
  2. regulates internal temperature
  3. protects against blood loss from injury and fights against disease-causing or toxic substances.
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8
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?
what are the types

A

these valves ensure that blood flows in the right direction(prevent backflow). there are 3 different types of atrioventricular valves(AV) in the heart.
1. Tricuspid in the right and has 3 flaps
2. Bicuspid (mitral) in the left and has 2 flaps
3. semilunar valve which separates the ventricles from the arteries

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9
Q

What are the two types of semilunar valves?

A
  1. pulmonary semilunar valve: prevent backflow into the right artery
  2. aortic semilunar valve: prevent backflow to the left artery
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the vena cava?

A

the vena cava opens up into the right atrium. they collect oxygen poor blood. the superior vena cava collects from the tissues in the head, chest and arms while the inferior vena cava collects from the tissues everywhere else.

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11
Q

The right and left side of the heart
- which side carries which oxygen
- which side is stronger

A
  1. the right side of the heart will carry oxygen poor while the left side carries oxygen rich
  2. the left sight of the heart is stronger than the right as it has to pump blood out to the body. the right only pumps blood to the lungs.
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12
Q

Arteries and Veins
- what is their structure
- function

A

Arteries pump away from the heart towards the lungs while veins will move blood towards the heart.
arteries
- have elastic tissues so that the artery can expand as waves of blood go through it. they’re in high pressure which is why they’re built thicker to sustain the amount of stress they’re under.
veins
- veins are built much thinner. the contraction of muscles is what keeps the blood flowing towards the heart. they have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards. they ensure that blood is flowing towards the heart and not giving into the downward pull of gravity.

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13
Q

Capillaries

A

blood from arteries will travel into the capillaries where gases, nutrients and other materials are transferred into the blood. the blood will move from the arteries towards the veins and then back to the heart. capillaries are the smallest blood vessel and are bundled together and are spread throughout the body in a network. the average diameter is 8 um (one cell thick)

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14
Q

Pressure in arteries, veins and capillaries

A

in arteries the pressure is high while in the veins and capillaries they’re low.

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15
Q

functions of the heart

A
  1. pumping blood throughout the body
  2. keeping oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood separated
  3. ensuring blood flows in one direction
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16
Q

SYSTEMIC PATHWAYS
*the flow of blood in the heart to body *
- vena cava, atrium, ventricle, artery, lung, veins, atrium, ventricle, aorta, body tissues

A

right side
the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from different parts of the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. the blood will pump the blood through the tricuspid valves into the right ventricle. the ventricle will pump it through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary arteries where it’ll move to the left and right lung.
in the lungs, oxygen will move into the oxygen poor blood making them oxygen rich
left side
the oxygen rich blood will flow from the lungs to the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium. which will be pumped into the the left ventricle through the bicuspid valves. in the ventricle it’ll get pumped out to the aorta which will get pumped into other parts of the body.

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17
Q

Electrical Pathway in heart
- what does it consist of and what is its job

A

it consist of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and purkinje fibers. altogether these are the stimulus that trigger the heart to beat.

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18
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA)
- location and function

A

the sinoatrial node is founded in the wall of the right atrium and is responsible for the the two atriums. they stimulate the muscles to contract and relax rhythmically setting the pace for the cardiac activity so if it’s off then the whole beat of the heart will be off. that’s why they’re referred to as the peacemakers. they receive electrical signals from the brain to contract the two atrias simultaneously.

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19
Q

**Atrioventricular Node (VA)*
- location and function

A

the atrioventricular node is responsible for the two ventricles. the av node will pass on the electrical signal from the SA node through fibers attached to the AV node called bundle of his. these fibers will then pass on the signal to another set of fibers that have branched called purkinje fibers. which is whats responsible for the contraction of the left and right ventricle

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20
Q

Atrial and Ventricular Systole

A

Systole means contraction
Atrial systole is the contraction of the atriums
Ventricular systole is the contraction of the ventricles

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21
Q

Diastole

A

Rest/relaxation

22
Q

ECG - Electrocardiogram
- what is it?

A

this device is what helps record the electrical activity happening in your heart. it is measured using pqrst.
P is the measurement of the atrial contraction
QRS ventricular contraction
T is diastole
repeat

23
Q

Blood Pressure
- why does this happen
- normal pressure
- systolic pressure
- diastolic pressure

A

blood pressure is when blood passes through the vessels, it puts pressure against the vessel walls.
systolic pressure is the pressure in your arteries during the heart contraction and diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure or when its at rest.
it is represented as systolic pressure / diastolic pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
the blood pressure in a young healthy person would be 120/80 on average.

24
Q

Different blood pressures

A

your blood pressure doesn’t exactly need to be 120/80. it can be lower or higher than the avg but it doesn’t mean it’s unhealthy. however, if you have a lets say a 90/55 low blood pressure when you aren’t doing anything then that isn’t good because its way below your avg.
if its 140/90 when you’re doing nothing thats also bad because you have hypertension.
if you’re doing some sort of exercise then your systolic pressure will be higher because your ventricles are pushing more blood out to provide things such as oxygen to your tissues as you work out

25
Q

Cardiac Output

A

**cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart and is measured in mL/min. **
cardiac output is what shows the level of oxygen your body is delivering and he amount of work the muscles in your body can perform.

26
Q

What can affect cardiac output

A
  • heart rate : the amount of heart beats per minute
  • stroke volume : amount of blood that goes out with each beat
27
Q

how can we calculate cardiac output?

A

(heart rate)(stroke volume) = cardiac output

28
Q

stroke volume

A

depends on how ready the heart empties. this is due to the blood returning to the heart from the veins and the ability to stretch of the ventricles
the avg person has a stroke volume of 70mL and a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute. which is a cardiac output of 4900mL/min.

29
Q

how much blood does an avg person have

A

on avg a human body has about 5L of blood running throughout their whole body. this means that this total of blood will circulate through their whole heart about once every minute.

30
Q

cardiovascular fitness

A

cardiovascular fitness (CRF) measures how well your body can take in and deliver oxygen out to your body. if your body is able to have a lower resting heart beat but higher stroke level( amount of blood that is pushed out with each heartbeat) and still receive the same amount of cardiac output as an avg person, you’re much more healthier. as you can remove lactate and C02(heart rate) quicker while delivery oxygen to muscles as well (stroke volume)

31
Q

why is cardiovascular fitness good

A

cardiovascular fitness enlarges the chambers of the ventricles, increasing their strength and stretchiness(distensibility).
which in turn will help put more power into each contraction to push blood out

32
Q

CORONARY

A

the heart supplies itself with blood.
if there is a blocked pathway it leads to angina which the be a heart attack
- on the heart there is a network of capillaries these capillaries. Oxygenated blood moves to where there are capillary beds and gas exchange happens, coming back deoxygenated will come out and travel into the vessels again that get bigger forming coronary veins. The veins join together and oxygen poor blood enters the right atrium.

33
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

walls of the arteries thicken and lose some of their elasticity. the most common type would be atherosclerosis which is when theres a buildup of plaque in the artery walls causing them to narrow.

34
Q

how to prevent arteriosclerosis

A

by changing your lifestyle, medication or surgery.

35
Q

Blood components

A

blood consist of two elements: the fluid and the solid portion.
the fluid portion is the plasma which makes up 55% of the blood volume. plasma consist of water, proteins, ions, nutrients and waste.
the *solid portion is red and white blood cells, and platelets. about 45-50% is red blood cells and 1% would be the white blood cells and platelets.

36
Q

ratio of RBC to WBC

A

since there is more red blood cells then white the ratio is 700:1.
when you’re active the ratio will decrease because when you exercise u carry much more hemoglobin so your tissues are provided with oxygen so that u can produce energy (ATP) for muscle contraction so they become fewer bc ur rbcs expand(?) and they carry more hemoglobin so that your body tissues can receive more oxygen in less amount to keep up with your energy conversion

  • all rbc and wbc are made in the bone marrow
37
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • also called erythrocytes
    approx 45-50% in blood volume.
    red blood cells are specialized in carrying oxygen an transporting them to places.
    theyre biconcave so theyre shaped as a disk and cave in on both sides.
  • when they reach their final evolution they have no more nucleus so that they can make space for hemoglobin
    they last around 3-4 months in the body before they’re expelled through large intestine
38
Q

White Blood Cells

A
  • also called leucocytes
    make up about one percent of your blood volume but can increase when your body is fighting them.
    all white blood cells have a nucleus, as they need to keep information as they’re more active ( fighting infections)
  • white blood cells last a few weeks or less as they can die when fighting invaders
39
Q

Types of white blood cells
- Granulocytes and monocytes
- lymphocytes

A

granulocytes and monocytes aid in engulfing foreign particles breaking them up into smaller pieces so that they arent as effective.
- theyre the first line of defence

lympocytes also known as b-cells are what help form the antibodies as defence lines

40
Q

Platelets

A

they’re cell fragments - when larger cells in bone marrow break apart and have no nucleus. like the red and white blood cells they’re made in bone marrow.
- substances released by broken blood vessels will attract platelets to the side. these ruptured platelets will then release chemicals that will combine with one another creating an enzyme called thromboplastin as long as calcium is present, thromboplastin will react with prothrombin which is the plasma protein to produce thrombin
- thrombin an enzyme that reacts with fibrinogen which is another plasma protein to produce fibrin which is what is like a mesh material that traps escaping blood cells and forms a clot.

41
Q

Function of blood

A
  • transfer gases to tissues and other parts of body
  • transports nutrients/waste
  • regulates the concentration of substances as well as heat in the body
42
Q

Blood types
- antigen

A
  • an antigen is a protein marker used as identification
    A, B, AB, O
  • A and B have different antigens
  • AB will have a mix of both
  • O will have no antigen which is why they’re a universal donor
43
Q

Antibody of each blood

A

A - B
B - A
AB - none
O - A, B

44
Q

Rh factor

A

is what makes ur blood either negative(lack of) or postive (have it)
A+ B+ AB+ O+
A- B- AB- O-

A+ can recieve blood from:
A-, O+, O-
A-
A- and O-

B+
B+, O+ and O-
B-
B- and O-

AB+
from all blood types and the pos and neg (universal recipient)
AB-
A-, B-, AB-, and O-

O+
O+ and O-
O-
O- (can only receive from O- because if blood is received from A,B and O pos/neg the O will attack foreign invaders)
also the universal donor as the lack of rh factor and no markers won’t affect anything

45
Q

Antibodies

A

fights unwanted substances that enter body
- if the antibody is against lets say a and it detects a foreign particle with the same antigen as its against it’ll fight.

46
Q

anti a and anti b

A

* anti means against*
- if the anti has the same marker as an antigen of an unknown substance and they react that means that unknown substance has antigens of the same marker as the anti serum.
They clump because the anti serum is mixed with the right antibody

47
Q

Steps in fighting foreign invaders

A
  1. you’re infected
  2. macrophages attack infection by engulfing them and making them smaller
  3. Helper T cells identify antigen which will help antibody production
  4. B- -cells produce the antibodies that will bind to the antigen so that they’ll be slowed down for the killer t cells to attack the infected
  5. after all of that suppressor cells will be out to reduce to immune activity in body, which will lead them to normal acivity
  6. memory cells stay in system so that they don’t forget the inavder
48
Q

Lymphatic System
- function
- structure

A

function
- immune response
- absorption of lipids in the intestine
- fluid regulation

structure
- lymphatic vessels are just like the structure of a vein, theyre thin and have valves
- they rely on the same method as the vein (muscle contraction and valves) to keep fluid moving

  • several nodes exist in body where these several vessels cluster together.
49
Q

location of lymphatic system
- function

A

so we have the artery, capillary and then the vein in between the capillaries, they’re located there and they’ll suck up any extra h2o leaving the arteries
- our lymphatic vessel returns fluid to the circulatory system through the superior vena cava vein

50
Q

heart regulation
- ring of muscle

A

the circulatory system will control the heat loss or excessive heat through directing blood flow to the skin so in other words circulatory system controls the blood flow
- in the artery,i there is a ring of muscle that helps control the amount of blood flow

51
Q

Heart regulation
- vasoconstriction
- vasodilation

A

VASOCONSTRICTION
- if you’re too cold, muscle(ring of muscle) will contract to reduce blood flow to skin keeping the blood in your core
- shivering in muscles is an attempt to warm your body

VASODILATION
- if it’s too hot, muscle will relax to increase blood flow, keeping heat away from core
- evaporation of water in sweat

Bio 20 (8 decks)

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