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Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

components of circulatory system

A

pump (heart), blood, blood vessels

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2
Q

heart definition

A

pump that circulates blood through blood vessels

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3
Q

arteries– type of blood and whether in or out of heart

A
  • usually oxygenated (except pulmonary artery)

- away from heart

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4
Q

veins– type of blood and whether in or out of heart

A
  • usually deoxygenated (expect pulmonary vein)

- into heart

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5
Q

capillaries– placement and why

A
  • connect arteries to veins
  • close to cells so good supply of oxygen/ nutrients
  • efficient removal of waste products
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6
Q

circulatory system– what it does

A
  • transports nutrients
  • transports waste
  • regulates body temperature
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7
Q

double-circulatory system definition

A

for every one full circuit, blood passes through heart twice

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8
Q

advantage of double circulatory system

A
  • higher pressure due to heart allows for blood to get to extremities (+ allows for bigger bodies)
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9
Q

why are arterioles used?

A

to diminish the pressure of blood going from arteries to capillaries (and prevent them from bursting)

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10
Q

how does blood get from arteries to veins? (2)

A
  • artery-> arteriole->capillary-> venule-> vein

- artery->shunt vessel-> vein

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11
Q

valves in veins

A
  • semi- lunar
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12
Q

what happens if blood flows backwards in veins

A
  • they swell and blood cannot circulate properly
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13
Q

how do valves work?

A
  • open when pressure inwards

- close when pressure put backwards on them

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14
Q

atrioventricular valves– where + names

A
  • between atria and ventricles
  • tricuspid (right side of heart)
  • bicuspid (left side)
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15
Q

what circulatory system do fish have

A

single circulatory system

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16
Q

single circulatory system in fish path

A

organ-> vein-> heart-> artery-> gills-> arteries -> organs

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17
Q

right side of heart

A
  • low pressure required (as little resistance to flow because lungs are a spongy tissue w/ air)
  • deoxygenated blood from body to lungs
  • gas exchange in capillaries in lungs
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18
Q

left side of heart

A
  • oxygenated blood to rest of body
  • higher pressure than right side
  • left ventricle= most muscular chamber
  • pressure of blood leaving heart is greater due to more resistance to flow
  • gas exchange occurs in capillaries in in organs as blood flows through
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19
Q

how many pumps in heart

A

2– left side and right side

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20
Q

heart made out of

A

almost entirely cardiac muscle tissue

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21
Q

septum

A
  • wall of tissue

- prevents oxygenated blood on one side from mixing with deoxygenated blood in other side

22
Q

ventricles

A
  • blood in when atria contract
  • more muscular than atria as have to pump blood further
  • left ventricle= more muscular as body= further away
23
Q

cardiac cycle

A
  • relaxation phase (where heart fills with blood)
  • blood then goes to ventricles
  • contraction phase (where heart pumps blood)
24
Q

true or false– atria relax and contract at different times

A

false

25
Q

relaxations phase

A
  • blood into atria from veins

- semi-lunar valves close

26
Q

contraction phase

A
  • atria contract (= atrioventricular valves open)
  • blood in ventricles
  • ventricles contract (= atrioventricular valves close to prevent backflow
  • blood in arteries ( then semi-lunar valves open)
27
Q

ways of monitoring heart activity

A
  • electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • listening to sound of heart valves closing
  • pulse points
28
Q

what does control of heartbeat depend on

A

electrical activity

29
Q

what is an ECG

A

a diagnostics tool that detects heart defects (as the can cause an irregular pattern)

30
Q

how ECG used

A

electrodes taped to body in various places

heart’s electrical activity displayed on monitor

31
Q

p wave on ECG

A
  • atria contracting
32
Q

QRS spike ECG

A

immediately precedes contraction of ventricles

33
Q

T wave on ECG

A

ventricles relaxing

34
Q

how is stethoscope used

A
  • listen to heart sounds

- identify irregularities

35
Q

how is heartbeat sound made

A

opening and closing of the valves

36
Q

first sound of heartbeat how made

A
  • during contraction phase

- pressure against atrioventricular valves shuts them

37
Q

second sound of heartbeat

A
  • during relaxation phase

- blood at high pressure in arteries causes semi-lunar valves to close

38
Q

what happens during exercise

A
  • muscles need more energy from respiration to contract
  • heart beats faster
  • arteries dilate
    = increases blood flow to muscles
39
Q

pulse definition

A

number of times left ventricle contracts per minute

40
Q

how pulse felt

A
  • ventricle contract
  • sends wave through artery
  • felt i.e. on wrist
41
Q

resting HR in regards to fitness level

A

higher fitness level, lower resting HR

42
Q

arteries characteristics

A
  • thick muscular walls
  • narrow lumen
  • high pressure
43
Q

veins characteristics

A
  • wide lumen
  • thin muscular walls
  • low pressure
  • valves
44
Q

capillaries characteristics

A
  • extremely narrow lumen
  • 1-cell thick walls
  • found near alveoli/ skin surface
45
Q

how are capillaries made

A

the branching out of arteries (arterioles)

46
Q

blood vessel walls made out of

A

muscle and elastic fibre

47
Q

artery adaptations

A
  • elastic fibres in walls recoil after stretching
  • this helps push blood along to maintain high pressure
  • result= pressure at end of artery is only slightly lower than when started
48
Q

capillary adaptations

A
  • large surface area for gas exchange
  • blood flows slowly to give time for gas exchange
  • short distance between blood and cell
49
Q

vein adaptations

A
  • blood squeezed along by muscle contraction/ organ contraction
50
Q

arterioles

A
  • sub-division of arteries
  • blood carried to capillary network
  • important for regulating blood pressure
  • receive nerve impulses/ react to hormones to regulate their diameter
51
Q

venules

A
  • collect blood from capillary beds
  • thin-walled
  • unite to form veins
52
Q

shunt vessels

A
  • links artery directly to vein
  • control body flow by dilation and constriction
  • in endotherms, cold= constrict and hot= dilate

Biology (5 decks)

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