Characteristics/ Organisation of Living Organisms Flashcards
Traditional Classification System Name
Linnaean System
Linnaean system
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Binomial Name Definition
system for naming species which is internationally agreed upon
what makes up binomial name
genus and species
Canis Lupus– what is genus and what is species
Canis= Genus Lupus= Species
- What was used to classify traditionally?
- Is it less or more accurate?
- morphology (outer appearance of an animal) and anatomy (bone structure, organ layout, etc. )
- less accurate
- What is used to classify now?
- Is it less or more accurate?
- DNA and amino acids
- more
mnemonic used to identify living things
MRS GREN
movement definition
action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position/ place
respiration definition
chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for METABOLISM
sensitivity definition
ability to detect or sense stimuli in internal/ external environment and respond to changes in environment
growth definition
permanent increase in size/ dry mass by increase in cell size, number or both
reproduction definition
process that makes more of the same kind of organism
excretion definition
removal from organisms pf the waste products of metabolism, toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements
nutrition definition
taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
nutrition plants needed
water. light, CO2, ions
nutrition animals requirements
organic compounds, ions, H20
metabolism definition
chemical reactions in cells including respiration
classification definition
the grouping by comparing their similarities and differences to reflect evolutionary relatedness
species definition
group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
what data is used to classify extinct organisms?
fossil data
diagram used to show relatedness between organisms
evolutionary trees
evolutionary trees:
- what do the branches represent
- what does the start (before branches out) represent
- branches= species that have evolved from common ancestor
- start= common ancestor
cell membrane job/ function
- separates the interior of the cell from the environment outside.
- is selectively permeable (can control substances moving in and out of the cell)
cytoplasm:
what it is and what happens there
- jelly-like fluid that fills the cell
- where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place.
ribosomes function
- the synthesising of proteins
DNA what it does/ has
- molecule that makes up the genetic material of cells
- contains the instructions for making the cell and for all the cell’s functions.
enzymes what are/ do
- biological catalysts
- speed up lots of the reactions that happen in cells i.e. those involved in respiration.
are viruses considered to be living?
- why?
no
- cannot reproduce alone (need host cell)
examples of virus
- hiv
- flu virus
components of viruses
- genetic material (that contains instructions for the building and functioning of the virus)
- protein coat (literally just layers of protein that form a coat)
5 kingdoms (names)
animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes and protoctista
animal kingdom characteristics
- no cell wall and no chloroplasts
- multicellular
- heterotrophs (don’t make their own food)
plant kingdom characteristics
- cell walls (made out of cellulose)
- yes chloroplasts
- yes photosynthesis
- some multicellular, some are unicellular
- autotrophs (make their own food).
fungi characteristics (+example)
- yes cell walls (made out of chitin)
- no chloroplasts.
- are decomposers (get food from decaying matter)
- can be multicellular or unicellular.
- i.e. Mushrooms and moulds
prokaryotes characteristics (+example)
- unicellular
- no nucleus
- i.e. Bacteria
what is a nucleus
a membrane-bound structure that contains the cell’s genetic materials
protoctista characteristics (+example)
- unicellular
- have nuclei
Amoeba are an example.
vertebrates (and invertebrates) meaning
vertebrate= has backbone invertebrate= no backbone
5 classes of vertebrates
mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians
mammals characteristics
- mammary glands and sweat glands
- give birth to live young.
- four limbs
- hair or fur
- usually pinna (outer ears)
fish characteristics
- scales
- fins
- lateral line (a line that runs down the middle of their bodies).
- gills for gas exchange in water
reptiles characteristics
- lay waterproof eggs on land
- (excluding snakes) have four limbs.
- dry, scaly skin.
amphibians characteristics
- lay eggs covered in jelly, in water.
- moist scale-less skin
- often have webbed feet
- perform gas exchange through lungs and skin
birds characteristics
- feathers
- two wings
- two legs (which have scales)
- lay hard-shelled eggs on land
- lightweight bones
what are arthropods
invertebrates that have hard exoskeletons (made of chitin), segmented bodies and jointed legs
4 main groups of arthropods
crustaceans, insects, arachnids, myriapods
insects characteristics (+example)
- one or two pairs of wings
- three pairs of jointed legs
- three body segments (head, thorax and abdomen).
- pair of compound eyes
- pair of antennae.
i. e. Bees and beetles
arachnids characteristics (+example)
- four pairs of legs
- no wings or antennae
- multiple pairs of simple eyes
- jaws and mouthparts adapted to biting prey and injecting venom
i. e. Spiders and scorpions
crustaceans characteristics (+example)
- two pairs of antennae
- no wings
- compound eyes
- four or more pairs of legs
- very hard, calcified (contains calcium) exoskeleton
i. e. Crabs, woodlice
myriapods characteristics (+example)
- one pair of antennae
- simple eyes
- one pair of jointed legs per body segment.
- many body segments.
i. e. Centipedes and millipedes
what can plants be categorised into?
ferns and flowering plants
ferns characteristics
- don’t have flowers or seeds
- reproduce asexually using spores.
flowering plants characteristics
- can reproduce asexually or sexually
- may produce seeds in their ovaries
- can be divided further depending on their cotyledons (seed leaves)
monocotyledons characteristics (+example)
- one seed lea
- long thin leaves
- leaf veins run parallel to the leaves
i. e. Grasses
dicotyledons characteristics (+example)
- two seed leaves
- broad flat leaves
- leaf veins that branch across the leaves
i. e. Roses
what do dichotomous keys do (how do they achieve their goal of identifying organisms)
- ask a series of simple questions, all with two choices
- questions become more specific as other organisms are ruled-out
what are dichotomous keys used for
identifying an organism
