Animal Nutrition Flashcards
Components of a balanced diet
carbohydrates, fats, fibre, protein, water
Examples of carbohydrates
pasta, bread, rice, potatoes
Examples of lipids
oil, butter, oily fish
Examples of fibre
oats, beans, wholegrain bread
Examples of protein
meat, fish, eggs
What is water needed for
chemical reactions to take place in cells, waste removal in the body, temperature regulation
What is fibre needed for
keeps food moving through digestive system
What is protein needed for
building and repairing tissues like muscles and skin, growth
What are carbs needed for
source of energy
What are fats needed for
insulation, making cell membranes, store of energy in the body
balanced diet definition
a diet in which all the components needed to maintain health are present in the appropriate proportions
calcium needed for
growing bones and teeth
calcium found
dairy (milk), green vegetables (broccoli)
vitamin D needed for
absorbing calcium and phosphorous (which is important for keeping bones healthy)
vitamin D found
sun, egg yolks, oily fish
iron needed for
make haemoglobin which carries oxygen around body in red blood cells
iron found
red meats, liver, nuts
vitamin C needed for
making collagen (important protein in blood vessels and skin) and repairing bones and teeth
vitamin C found
citrus fruits (i.e. lemons) and blackcurrants
factors of dietary needs
age, sex, activity, etc.
how age affects dietary needs
older= fewer calories (less energy) as smaller mass and lower metabolic rate
children/ teens= more calories and protein while growing
how activity affects dietary needs
more exercise= more calories (to have energy for movement)
more exercise= more protein (for muscle development)
how gender affects dietary needs
- men= more daily calories (as larger muscle mass)
- menstruating women= more iron
- pregnant woman= more daily calories, protein, iron, calcium
- breast feeding women= more fats, calcium and water (to produce milk)
what is malnutrition
lack of a balanced diet such as deficiencies, excesses, imbalances. it can lead to consequences such as obesity.
what is obesity
excessive fat stores in body
obesity caused by
eating too much food
obesity lead to
diabetes and heart disease
coronary heart disease caused by
eating too much fat
what happens when coronary heart disease
fat blockages block arteries around heart meaning heart doesnt receive enough oxygen and therefore doesnt work properly
constipation what
dont pass stool frequently
constipation why
lack of water/ fibre
starvation what
not enough food is eaten and body’s energy requirements are not met
extreme starvation lead to
marasmus (cells dont receive enough energy for respiration)– leads to shrinking of stomach, diarrhoea and death
kwashiorkor caused by
severe protein deficiency
kwashiorkor leads to
body cannot grow or repair tissues and immune system= weak. can cause stunted growth and swollen belly.
scurvy caused by
vitamin C deficiency
scurvy is/ consequences
as not enough collagen made, can lead to bleeding gums, tiredness and muscle pain
anaemia caused by
lack of iron in diet / blood loss
anaemia is/ consequences
as lack of iron and therefore haemoglobin/ red blood cells, leads to tiredness, pale skin and shortness of breath
rickets caused by
lack of vit D in children
what are rickets
malformed bones
what does lack of vit D cause in adults
extreme bone pain (osteomalacia)
what connects mouth to stomach
oesophagus
5 steps of digestion
ingestion, (mechanical/chemical) digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion
what is assimilation
movement of digested food molecules into cells of body where they are used and become part of cells
where does assimilation happen
any body cells that need it
what is absorption
movement of small food molecules and ions through small intestine wall (in ileum) into blood
what happens in the large intestine?
absorption of water
what is chemical digestion
food particles are broken down into smaller, soluble particles by digestive enzymes
where are enzymes found in body
salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, small intestine
what is mechanical digestion
the breaking down of food using force
where is mechanical digestion done
- mouth by teeth
- stomach contracting
- by bile
bile journey
made in liver, stored in gall bladder, secreted into duodenum
what is cholera
disease caused by bacteria that causes severe diarrhoea
how diarrhoea from cholera happens
- bacteria gives off toxins that make small intestine secrete chloride ions
- due to osmosis, water moves into gut to balance low water potential caused by chloride ions
- results in too much water in faeces
how treat cholera
oral rehydration therapy
what is oral rehydration therapy
treatment where water containing salts and sugars is drunk. this restores water, sugar and salt lost
top of tooth
enamel
after enamel
dentine
vein thingy in tooth
pulp
bottom of tooth
cement
sections of tooth
crown and root
incisors
- sharp w flat edges
- cutting through food
canines
- pointed
- tearing food
premolars and molars
- broad surface, rigged, bottom and top meet
- grinding and crushing food
dental decay
- bacteria live in mouth and feed on trapped food particles
- respire sugar and release acid (PLAQUE)
- plaque can build up and cause tooth decay (first enamel breaks down and then goes further, causing tooth ache)
teeth care
- brush teeth with fluoride toothpaste (stops build up of plaque)
- avoid acidic food and drink
what do enzymes do
catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream
digestive enzymes examples
amylase, protease, lipase
where is amylase produced
small intestine, pancreas, salivary glands
amylase sites of action
small intestine and mouth
amylase what breaks down
breaks down starch into (mainly) maltose
maltase what and where
- maltase breaks down maltose into glucose
- epithelial lining of small intestine so can pass into bloodstream
protease types
- pepsin (stomach)
- trypsin (small intestine)
protease purpose
breaks down protein into amino acids
proteases produced where
- stomach
- small intestine
- pancreas
lipase produced in
- small intestine
- pancreas
lipase purpose
break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids
bile and (stomach) gastric juices– alkaline or acidic
bile–alkaline
gastric juices– acidic
use of bile
- as alkaline, neutralises food coming from stomach to create ideal pH for enzymes in small intestine
- also for emulsification, the turning large fat particles into smaller ones as to create large surface area for lipases to break down fats.
what do gastric juices in the stomach contain
hydrochloric acid
why stomach have hydrochloric acid?
- creates low pH which is perfect for enzyme pepsin
- kills harmful microorganisms by denaturing their enzymes
what happens in small intestine
- most water absorbed
- all digested food absorbed
what covers the wall of small intestine?
villi
parts of villus
top= microvilli
vein looking thing= capillary
between capillaries= lacteal
what does the lacteal absorb
fats
what do capillaries absorb
water, carbs, ions, proteins,
how pancreas connect to duodenum
pancreatic duct
how bile enter duodenum
bile duct
what is found in pancreatic juices
amylase, lipase, trypsin
name for food after being churned in stomach
chyme
function of mucus in stomach
prevents it from digesting itself
enzymes that line the ileum
maltase, sucrase and proteases
digestion definition
Digestion is the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into small soluble substances to be absorbed into the blood
action done by alimentary canal
peristalsis
what is peristalsis
- alimentary canal= full of muscle
- circular muscles in one region contract making alimentary canal narrow in that region
- muscle underneath food relaxes
- another contraction underneath last one follows
this causes food to be pushed down
muscle at lower end of stomach
pyloric sphincter
what does the pyloric sphincter do
stops food from passing through
where is peristaltic action also found
stomach
what does the peristaltic action in the stomach do
churns and squeezes food and mixes it w gastric juice
why is peristaltic action in stomach important?
it increases chyme’s surface area (making it easier to digest)
where is the colon found
start of large intestine
what does the colon do
absorbs water and bile salts
what does the rectum do
store faeces
what does the anus do
egest faeces
