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Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Components of a balanced diet

A

carbohydrates, fats, fibre, protein, water

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2
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A

pasta, bread, rice, potatoes

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3
Q

Examples of lipids

A

oil, butter, oily fish

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4
Q

Examples of fibre

A

oats, beans, wholegrain bread

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5
Q

Examples of protein

A

meat, fish, eggs

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6
Q

What is water needed for

A

chemical reactions to take place in cells, waste removal in the body, temperature regulation

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7
Q

What is fibre needed for

A

keeps food moving through digestive system

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8
Q

What is protein needed for

A

building and repairing tissues like muscles and skin, growth

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9
Q

What are carbs needed for

A

source of energy

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10
Q

What are fats needed for

A

insulation, making cell membranes, store of energy in the body

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11
Q

balanced diet definition

A

a diet in which all the components needed to maintain health are present in the appropriate proportions

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12
Q

calcium needed for

A

growing bones and teeth

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13
Q

calcium found

A

dairy (milk), green vegetables (broccoli)

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14
Q

vitamin D needed for

A

absorbing calcium and phosphorous (which is important for keeping bones healthy)

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15
Q

vitamin D found

A

sun, egg yolks, oily fish

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16
Q

iron needed for

A

make haemoglobin which carries oxygen around body in red blood cells

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17
Q

iron found

A

red meats, liver, nuts

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18
Q

vitamin C needed for

A

making collagen (important protein in blood vessels and skin) and repairing bones and teeth

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19
Q

vitamin C found

A

citrus fruits (i.e. lemons) and blackcurrants

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20
Q

factors of dietary needs

A

age, sex, activity, etc.

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21
Q

how age affects dietary needs

A

older= fewer calories (less energy) as smaller mass and lower metabolic rate

children/ teens= more calories and protein while growing

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22
Q

how activity affects dietary needs

A

more exercise= more calories (to have energy for movement)

more exercise= more protein (for muscle development)

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23
Q

how gender affects dietary needs

A
  • men= more daily calories (as larger muscle mass)
  • menstruating women= more iron
  • pregnant woman= more daily calories, protein, iron, calcium
  • breast feeding women= more fats, calcium and water (to produce milk)
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24
Q

what is malnutrition

A

lack of a balanced diet such as deficiencies, excesses, imbalances. it can lead to consequences such as obesity.

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25
Q

what is obesity

A

excessive fat stores in body

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26
Q

obesity caused by

A

eating too much food

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27
Q

obesity lead to

A

diabetes and heart disease

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28
Q

coronary heart disease caused by

A

eating too much fat

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29
Q

what happens when coronary heart disease

A

fat blockages block arteries around heart meaning heart doesnt receive enough oxygen and therefore doesnt work properly

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30
Q

constipation what

A

dont pass stool frequently

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31
Q

constipation why

A

lack of water/ fibre

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32
Q

starvation what

A

not enough food is eaten and body’s energy requirements are not met

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33
Q

extreme starvation lead to

A

marasmus (cells dont receive enough energy for respiration)– leads to shrinking of stomach, diarrhoea and death

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34
Q

kwashiorkor caused by

A

severe protein deficiency

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35
Q

kwashiorkor leads to

A

body cannot grow or repair tissues and immune system= weak. can cause stunted growth and swollen belly.

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36
Q

scurvy caused by

A

vitamin C deficiency

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37
Q

scurvy is/ consequences

A

as not enough collagen made, can lead to bleeding gums, tiredness and muscle pain

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38
Q

anaemia caused by

A

lack of iron in diet / blood loss

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39
Q

anaemia is/ consequences

A

as lack of iron and therefore haemoglobin/ red blood cells, leads to tiredness, pale skin and shortness of breath

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40
Q

rickets caused by

A

lack of vit D in children

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41
Q

what are rickets

A

malformed bones

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42
Q

what does lack of vit D cause in adults

A

extreme bone pain (osteomalacia)

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43
Q

what connects mouth to stomach

A

oesophagus

44
Q

5 steps of digestion

A

ingestion, (mechanical/chemical) digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion

45
Q

what is assimilation

A

movement of digested food molecules into cells of body where they are used and become part of cells

46
Q

where does assimilation happen

A

any body cells that need it

47
Q

what is absorption

A

movement of small food molecules and ions through small intestine wall (in ileum) into blood

48
Q

what happens in the large intestine?

A

absorption of water

49
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

food particles are broken down into smaller, soluble particles by digestive enzymes

50
Q

where are enzymes found in body

A

salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, small intestine

51
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

the breaking down of food using force

52
Q

where is mechanical digestion done

A
  • mouth by teeth
  • stomach contracting
  • by bile
53
Q

bile journey

A

made in liver, stored in gall bladder, secreted into duodenum

54
Q

what is cholera

A

disease caused by bacteria that causes severe diarrhoea

55
Q

how diarrhoea from cholera happens

A
  • bacteria gives off toxins that make small intestine secrete chloride ions
  • due to osmosis, water moves into gut to balance low water potential caused by chloride ions
  • results in too much water in faeces
56
Q

how treat cholera

A

oral rehydration therapy

57
Q

what is oral rehydration therapy

A

treatment where water containing salts and sugars is drunk. this restores water, sugar and salt lost

58
Q

top of tooth

A

enamel

59
Q

after enamel

A

dentine

60
Q

vein thingy in tooth

A

pulp

61
Q

bottom of tooth

A

cement

62
Q

sections of tooth

A

crown and root

63
Q

incisors

A
  • sharp w flat edges

- cutting through food

64
Q

canines

A
  • pointed

- tearing food

65
Q

premolars and molars

A
  • broad surface, rigged, bottom and top meet

- grinding and crushing food

66
Q

dental decay

A
  • bacteria live in mouth and feed on trapped food particles
  • respire sugar and release acid (PLAQUE)
  • plaque can build up and cause tooth decay (first enamel breaks down and then goes further, causing tooth ache)
67
Q

teeth care

A
  • brush teeth with fluoride toothpaste (stops build up of plaque)
  • avoid acidic food and drink
68
Q

what do enzymes do

A

catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream

69
Q

digestive enzymes examples

A

amylase, protease, lipase

70
Q

where is amylase produced

A

small intestine, pancreas, salivary glands

71
Q

amylase sites of action

A

small intestine and mouth

72
Q

amylase what breaks down

A

breaks down starch into (mainly) maltose

73
Q

maltase what and where

A
  • maltase breaks down maltose into glucose

- epithelial lining of small intestine so can pass into bloodstream

74
Q

protease types

A
  • pepsin (stomach)

- trypsin (small intestine)

75
Q

protease purpose

A

breaks down protein into amino acids

76
Q

proteases produced where

A
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • pancreas
77
Q

lipase produced in

A
  • small intestine

- pancreas

78
Q

lipase purpose

A

break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids

79
Q

bile and (stomach) gastric juices– alkaline or acidic

A

bile–alkaline

gastric juices– acidic

80
Q

use of bile

A
  • as alkaline, neutralises food coming from stomach to create ideal pH for enzymes in small intestine
  • also for emulsification, the turning large fat particles into smaller ones as to create large surface area for lipases to break down fats.
81
Q

what do gastric juices in the stomach contain

A

hydrochloric acid

82
Q

why stomach have hydrochloric acid?

A
  • creates low pH which is perfect for enzyme pepsin

- kills harmful microorganisms by denaturing their enzymes

83
Q

what happens in small intestine

A
  • most water absorbed

- all digested food absorbed

84
Q

what covers the wall of small intestine?

A

villi

85
Q

parts of villus

A

top= microvilli
vein looking thing= capillary
between capillaries= lacteal

86
Q

what does the lacteal absorb

A

fats

87
Q

what do capillaries absorb

A

water, carbs, ions, proteins,

88
Q

how pancreas connect to duodenum

A

pancreatic duct

89
Q

how bile enter duodenum

A

bile duct

90
Q

what is found in pancreatic juices

A

amylase, lipase, trypsin

91
Q

name for food after being churned in stomach

A

chyme

92
Q

function of mucus in stomach

A

prevents it from digesting itself

93
Q

enzymes that line the ileum

A

maltase, sucrase and proteases

94
Q

digestion definition

A

Digestion is the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into small soluble substances to be absorbed into the blood

95
Q

action done by alimentary canal

A

peristalsis

96
Q

what is peristalsis

A
  • alimentary canal= full of muscle
  • circular muscles in one region contract making alimentary canal narrow in that region
  • muscle underneath food relaxes
  • another contraction underneath last one follows
    this causes food to be pushed down
97
Q

muscle at lower end of stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

98
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do

A

stops food from passing through

99
Q

where is peristaltic action also found

A

stomach

100
Q

what does the peristaltic action in the stomach do

A

churns and squeezes food and mixes it w gastric juice

101
Q

why is peristaltic action in stomach important?

A

it increases chyme’s surface area (making it easier to digest)

102
Q

where is the colon found

A

start of large intestine

103
Q

what does the colon do

A

absorbs water and bile salts

104
Q

what does the rectum do

A

store faeces

105
Q

what does the anus do

A

egest faeces

Biology (5 decks)

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