circulatory system

Question 1

blood is

Answer 1

specialized connective tissue made of cells, soluble protein all within plasma

Question 2

Blood function

Answer 2

Transport nutrients (glucose, ions, etc) in the body

also oxygen necessary for cellular respiration

Regulation
-body temp
-buffers PH
ETC

Protection
-immune system (white blood cells)

Question 3

Blood composition

Answer 3

dense - red blood cells 45%

middle layer white blood cells 5%

plasma 55%

Question 4

Red blood cells “erythrocytes”

Answer 4

Abundant

transport oxygen from lungs to cells

Structure: Biconcave disk (maximize surface area)

no nuclei and few organells
-they’re mostly hemoglobin

Question 5

Hemoglobin

Answer 5

made of protein

each RBC has 280 hemoglobin

each hemoglobin hold 4 iron ions that bind to oxygen

Question 6

Regulation of hemoglobin

Answer 6

1. kidney senses low levels of oxygen levels in blood
2. if low, EPO (erythropoietin) is released ..
3. EPO acts on red bow marrow to increase RBC production
4. mature RBCs released

5 increased oxygen levels

Question 7

White blood cells “leukocytes”

Answer 7

‘House keeping’
-remove damage or abnormal cells

Immune cells

Question 8

Types of white blood cells

Answer 8

Granulocytes
and
Agranulocytes

Question 9

Granulocytes

Answer 9

There are three main types:

1. ) Neutrophils
   - mort abundant WBC
   - first to cite of infection
   - engulf microbes (phagocytosis - cell eating)
   - in death, release chemical that attracts more neutrophils
2. ) Eosinophils
   - contain toxins against parasitic worms
3. ) Basophils
   - release histamine - chemicals that attract WBC causing inflamation

Question 10

Agranulocytes

Answer 10

1. ) Monocytes
   - Engulf microbes, dead cells, debris
   - Largest white blood cell
   - will leave blood stream and become macrophages

2.) Lymphocytes 
specific immunity cell 
-B cells 
  -produce antibodies .. recognize invading cells 
-T-cells
  Cellular defense

Question 11

Blood types

Answer 11

ABO blood type
-based on presence of surface proteins on RBC .
If wrong antigens are present, the body’s defense are triggered

Question 12

Rh factor

Answer 12

Based on presence/absence of surface antigen on RBC

someone with Rh factor is RH +

person without RH is RH-

Inheritance
Rh+ dominant
Rh- recessive

pregoos mother is Rh- but her baby is rh+ but placenta protects baby/mother

Question 13

Cardiovascular system

Answer 13

heart
blood vessels
LUNGS

active system

Question 14

Blood Vessels

Answer 14

Conduct blood
arranged as branching networks

Main types:

• Arteries
• Veins
• capillaries

Question 15

Arteries

Answer 15

Carry Blood away from the heart
-usually thicker than veins
muscular
*tend to be rich in oxygen

Question 16

Veins

Answer 16

Carry blood towards the heart

• carry waste product (CO2) to heart
• back-flow-valves pressure pump blood to heart
• skeletal muscle contraction

Question 17

Capillaries

Answer 17

Microscopic blood vessels
-nutrient and gas exchange between blood and interstitial fluids

-capillaries are so small that red blood cells must travel In single file line

Question 18

Heart

Answer 18

• 70 contractions per min (DIFFERS)
• 5 liters per min of blood pumped.
• has two separate pumps .. right and left

right side=lunges
left side=rest of body

Question 19

High blood pressure “hypertension”

Answer 19

damage to blood vessels, capillaries, heart, kidney damage

lifestyle is important

• not smoke
• exercise regularly
• control weight
• eat real food
• eat moderately

Question 20

Cardiovascular disease

Answer 20

Artherosclerosis (“yellow hardening of arteries”) and coronary artery disease
-buildup of fatty substance in arterial walls (LDL)

Question 21

Lymphatic system

Answer 21

Returns interstitial fluid back to bloodstream

• protects against disease causing organisms
• returns products of fat digestion from small intestine to bloodstream

Question 22

Lymphatic fluid

Answer 22

Lymph fluid

fluid in between your cells

Question 23

lymphatic vessels

Answer 23

carrying flows of lymphatic fluid

Question 24

Lymph nodes

Answer 24

filters lymph

packed with macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 25

spleen

Answer 25

production of lymphocytes (WBC)

removes old blood cells, microorganisms, debris

Question 26

Thymus

Answer 26

T cell maturation