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Pathology 1 (RUSVM) KP > Circulatory Disturbances > Flashcards

Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of a vein and artery

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

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2
Q

What is the role of the vascular endothelium in hemostasis?

A
  1. Anti-thrombotic and pro-fibrinolytic in the normal state

2. Pro-thrombotic and anti-fibrinolytic during injury

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3
Q

Does NO cause vasoconstriction?

A

NO causes vasodilation and endothelin causes vasoconstriction

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4
Q

Vascular endothelium role in inflammation (list them)

A
  1. regulates the traffic of inflammatory cells
  2. produces inflammatory cytokines
  3. control angiogenesis and tissue repair
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5
Q

Definition of hemostasis

A

Arrests bleeding by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means.

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6
Q

Fluid Distribution

A 
Total Body Water = 65% of total body weight 
Plasma = 5%
Interstitial Fluid = 15%
Intracellular Fluid = 40%
Transcellular Fluid = 5%
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7
Q

What is interstitium and what is it composed of?

A

It is the medium through which all the metabolic products pass between the microcirculation and the cells. It is composed of ECM and supporting cells.

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8
Q

The Extracellular Matrix is composed of what molecules?

A

Structural molecules such as collagen, reticulin, and elastic fibers
Ground substance such as glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans

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9
Q

Edema

A
  • Abnormal accumulation of excess extracellular water in interstitial spaces or in body cavities
  • Fluid is outside both the vascular fluid compartment and cellular fluid compartment
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10
Q

Inflammatory edema

A

increased vascular permeability - exudate
example: damage to pulmonary capillary endothelium leading to pneumonia, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) this is suddent, diffuse and direct increase in vascular permeabiltiy leading to a high fatality rate followed by pneumonia if the animal survives

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11
Q

Characteristics of exudate

A
  • protein rich >30g/L
  • specific gravity >1.025
  • total nucleated cells = less than 7,000 cells per ul
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12
Q

Noninflammatory edema

A

transudate

edema of CHF/liver failure

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13
Q

Characteristics of transudate

A

-protein poor

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14
Q

What is the gross appearance of edema?

A
  1. Wet
  2. Gelatinous and heavy
  3. Swollen organs
  4. Fluid weeks from cut surfaces
  5. May be yellow
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15
Q

Histological appearance of edema

A
  1. Clear or pale eosinophilic staining
  2. Spaces are distended
  3. Blood vessels may be filled with RBCs
  4. Lymphatics are dilated
  5. Collagen bundles are separated
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16
Q

Pitting edema

A

When pressure is applied to an area of edema a depression or dent results as excessive interstitial fluid is forces to adjacent areas

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17
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Fluid in the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

“mulberry heart disease” - inflammatory edema

-fibrin strands and cloudy appearance of the fluid

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19
Q

Transudate fluid within the peritoneal cavity also known as

A

Ascites or hydroperitoneum

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20
Q

Anasarca

A

Generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue

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21
Q

What is bottle jaw commonly associated with?

A

Submandibular edema - severe GI parasitism and hypoproteinemia in sheep

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22
Q

What is the clinical significance of edema dependent upon?

A

Extent, location, and duration

-tissue may become firm and distorted due to an increase in fibrous CT after prolonged edema

23
Q

Chronic pulmonary edema characteristics

A
  • most commonly associated with cardiac failure
  • alveolar walls become thickened-> may lead to fibrosis
  • congestion, micro-hemorrhages ->accumulation of heart failure cells
24
Q

A local increase in blood volume and flow within the vascular bed

A

Hyperemia and congestion

25
Q

Hyperemia

A

indicates increase of arteriole-mediated engorgement of the vascular bed. Blood is oxygenated

26
Q

Congestion

A

passive venous engorgement- blood is not oxygenated

27
Q

Name the 2 types of hyperemia

A

Physiological and pathological

28
Q

pulmonary congestion

A

usually the result of heart failure and associated with edema

29
Q

subacute to chronic hepatic congestion is usually the result of left sided congestive heart failure

A

False its right sided

30
Q

`Hepatocytes can we classified into zones. Name which parts belong to which zones.

A

Zone 1 = Periportal
Zone 2 = Midzonal
Zone 3 = Centrilobular

31
Q

Cyanotic

A

blood tissues are dark red to blue colored due to congestion

32
Q

Hemorrhage

A

the escape of blood from the blood vessels (extravasation)

-can be extranal or internal (within tissues or body cavities)

33
Q

What are the some causes of Hemorrhage?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Sepsis, viremia, bacteremia or toxic conditions
  3. Abdominal neoplasia may lead to hemoperitoneum
  4. Coagulation abnormalities
34
Q

What is the difference between hemorrhage and hyperemia and congestion?

A

Hem. = blood outside the vessel wall

Hyper. and Congestion = blood is within the blood vessels

35
Q

Hemoperricardium leads to fatal cardiac tamponade. T/F

A

True

36
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of a hemorrhage that determine the significance of it?

A

Location and severity

example: Profuse blood loss is the most common cause of hypovolemic shock; hem. in the heart or brain can be fatal

37
Q

Hemorrhage by rhexis

A

due to a substantial rent or tear in the vascular wall (or heart)

38
Q

Hemorrhage by diapedesis

A

Hemorrhage due to a small defect in the vessel wall or RBCs passing through the vessel wall in cases of inflammation or congestion (like in the lungs of animals with left sides CHF

39
Q

Hemorrhagic diathesis

A

increased tendency to hemorrhage from usually insignificant injuries (seen in clotting disorders)

40
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in the thoracic cavity

41
Q

Hemoperitoneum

A

blood in the peritoneal cavity

42
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

blood within a joint space

43
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood or blood stained sputum from the lungs or airways

44
Q

Epistaxis

A

bleeding from the nose

45
Q

What are the 5 ways to classify hemorrhage within tissues by size

A
  1. Petechia
  2. Ecchymosis
  3. Agonal Hemorrhage
  4. Suffusive Hemorrhage
  5. Paint-brush Hem.
46
Q

Petechia

A

up to 1-2 mm in size

found on skin, mucosal and serial surfaces

47
Q

Ecchymosis

A

larger than petechia up to 1 or 2 cm

seen in bruise or contusion or small hematoma

48
Q

Agonal Hemorrhage

A

petechia and ecchymosis associated with terminal hypoxia

49
Q

Suffusive Hem.

A

larger than ecchymosis and contiguous

50
Q

Paint-brush Hem.

A

red paint hastily applied with a pain brush

most common on mucosal and serial surfaces

51
Q

How does a hemorrhage resolve?

A
  • small amounts can be reabsorbed but large amounts require phagocytosis and degradation by macrophages
52
Q

What is organizing hematoma?

A

central mass of fibrin and RBCs surrounded by supportive vascular CT ->macrophages will eventually phagocytize this lesion

53
Q

Resolution of Hem. cascade

A

Hemoglobin (red-blue) ->Bilirubin (blue -green) ->Hemosiderin (yellow-brown)

Pathology 1 (RUSVM) KP (7 decks)

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