Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards
Dynamics of blood flow
Hemodynamics
The manner of development of disease
Pathogenesis
The metabolism of organs and cells depends on an intact circulation for continuous delivery of
oxygen
nutrients
hormones
electrolytes
water
The metabolism of organs and cells depends on an intact circulation for the removal of
Metabolic waste and carbon dioxide
Delivery and elimination at the cellular level are controlled by exchanges between the
intravascular space
interstitial space
cellular space
lymphaticspace
“The well-being of tissues requires normal fluid balance. Abnormalities in ______________ can result in cellular injury even if the blood supply is intact.”
vascular permeability and hemostasis
Chambers by the heart are separated by
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Capillary ends
Arterial ends
venous ens
Circulatory blood flow staring from the Aortae
Aortae → Major Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Major Veins → VenaCavae → RA → RV → PulmonaryArteries → Lungs → PulmonaryVeins → LA → LV → Aortae
Chambers of the heart
Atria
Ventricles
The survival of cells and tissues is exquisitely dependent on the oxygen provided in a normal blood supply and therefore on
the delivery of sufficient blood through a patent circulatory system
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle pushes blood from the RA to the RV during diastole and prevents regurgitation from the RV to the RA during systole.
Tricuspid Valve
Valves of the heart
Tricuspid valve
Mitral or Bicuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
The amount of fluid that has been distributed should also be the substantial amount that would be brought back into circulation for its efficiency.
Starlings law
an animal which has four feet, especially an ungulate mammal
Quadruped
Two divisions of aorta
Abdominal and Thoracic Aorta
The velocity flow and the mean pressure is sustained by
Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic Pressure
The Continuous type of Capillary that is true for the
Brain (BBB)
Muscle
Lung
Bone
Three main types of Capillaries in microcirculation
Continuous Endothelium
Fenestrated Endothelium
Discontinuous Endothelium
It has fenestra or pores that allow filtration enabling some of the molecules to pass through
Fenestrated Endothelium
Fenestrated endothelium type of capillary is true for the
Renal glomeruli
Intestinal villi
Endocrine glands
Choroid Plexuses
Ciliary processes of the eye
Very open gap that allows the passage of large molecules
Discontinouos (sinusoidal) endothelium
Discontinouos (sinusoidal) endothelium type of capillary is true for the
Liver Sinusoids
Spleen Sinusoids
Bone Marrow
Lymph Nodes
In endocrinology, hormones are not secreted through the lumen of the epithelial gland. If this is true, then where are hormones being secreted?
Secretion happens via the Fenestrated endothelium type of capillary
Vascular disorder encompasses a range of conditions that affect blood vessels, leading to complications such as _______________________. These conditions are critical in veterinary pathology, as they can have severe consequences for animal health, including organ failure and death if not promptly address.
Ischemia
Necrosis
System organ dysfunction
A physical barrier between intravascular and extravascular spaces
Endothelium
Endothelium is an important mediator of
Fluid distribution
Hemostasis
Inflammation and healing
Meaning blood stoppage or control of bleeding. The natural reaction to an injury that plugs and repairs the wound.
Hemostasis
A process that dissolves fibrin clot that aims to prevent thrombosis and embolism.
Fibrinolysis
when red blood cells escape the blood vessels.
Hemorrhage
refers to a lesion where blood may be kept from reaching an area of tissue and the tissue becomes necrotic. a necrotized, vascular area blocked by embolic lesion.
Infarct
Hemorrhage may occur by:
Rhexis and Diapedesis
Hemorrhage that occur because of injured or destructed vessel
Rhexis
Hemorrhage of RBCs from intact vessel
Diapedesis
refers to a lesion in which excess blood may be drawn into an area. Usually on the arterial side of the circulation.
Hyperemia
lesion where blood passively accumulates in an area. Usually on the venous side.
Congestion
lesion where excess fluids accumulate in interstitial tissue spaces. may be a transudate or an exudate fluid.
Edema
an intravascular solid clot formed.
Thrombus
process of necrotizing an area blocked by a thrombus or other embolic lesion.
Infarction
refers to a process by which a blood may clot within blood vessels.
Thrombosis
a vascular space-occupying lesion. maybe a dislodged blood clot, a parasite, or an air bubble.
Embolus
process whereby a floating mass may occlude vascular channels.
Embolism
is the generalized failure of peripheral circulation.
Shock
occur when red blood cells are present outside the blood vessels. The vessel may be
physically damaged so that the cells simply flow out through, or the cells may pass
through an intact vascular wall.
Hemorrhage
Inflammatory fluid accumulation in interstitial tissue spaces
Exudate
a bluish, grayish, or purplish tinge of the skin, lips, or nails due to low blood oxygen.
Cyanosis
Non-inflammatory fluid accumulation in interstitial tissue spaces
Transudate
tiny pinpoint hemorrhage measuring 1 to 2 mm sized foci. visible along the kidney
capsule. of a pig suffering from of Hog cholera infection.
Petechial Hemorrhage
larger areas of hemorrhage measuring 2 to 3 cm in size. usually irregular and mottled in appearance.
Ecchymotic hemorrhage
type- refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage.- (lesion as if someone literally splashed red paint on the tissue)
Paint-brush type
occurs when sufficient red blood cells come out of the area to form a lump
Hematoma (or more appropriately HEMATOCYST)
a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac, which surrounds the heart.
Hemopericardium
Hemorrhage that happened in the Thoracic cavity
Hemothorax
Hemorrhage that happened in the peritoneal cavity
Hemoperitoneum
a clinical term applied to an animal that has extensive petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on serous and mucous surfaces. more of a descriptive term and does not imply a specific disease.
Purpura
a skin-visible lesion and a result of hemorrhage.
Bruise
are indications of former
hemorrhage
Presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages and erythrophagocytosis
Diseases that result in marked bleeding tendencies are named
Hemorrhagic diatheses
Plural term for Ecchymosis
Ecchymoses
Nasal bleeding
Epistaxis
passage of blood from the alimentary tract.
Entorrhagia
extensive hemorrhage within the tissue.
Extravasation
coughing out blood.
Hemoptysis
hemorrhage into the joint cavity.
Hemarthrosis
the accumulation of blood producing a lump. “black-eye” is a classical example.
Hematocyts (commonly termed as hematoma)
Decrease numbers of platelets
Thrombocytopenia
Causes of hemorrhages
- Trauma (subcutaneous or Intramuscular hemorrhage)
- Septicemia, viremia, or toxic condition (widespread petechiae and ecchymoses)
- Coagulation disorder
- Thrombocytopenia
the aftereffect of an infection
Septicemia
is when viruses enter the bloodstream and can infect various organs.
Viremia
2 critical sites of hemorrhage
CNS and Heart
Significance of hemorrhage depends on the
Site of location
Rate
Total Blood volume lost
An Intravascular excessive amount of blood in an organ, refers to both volume and flow.
Hyperemia
Three factors use in defining the type of pathological hyperemia
Duration
Extent
Mechanism
Implies abrupt onset with rapid development
acute
Duration factor of hyperemia is characterize as
Acute/chronic
Slowly developing and/or present for a long time
Chronic
Changes are confine to a discreet area
local
extent factor of Hyperemia is characterize as
local
Generalized
Indicate systemic changes within an organ
Generalized
Hyperemia due to arteriolar flow
Active
Hyperemia due to impaired venous drainage
Passive
Mechanism Factors of Hyperemia are characterized as
Active
Passive
An active engorgement of vascular beds with a normal or decreased outflow.
Active Hyperemia
A passive engorgement of the vascular bed generally caused by decreased outflow with a normal or increased inflow of blood.
Passive congestion
Acute passive congestion can occur in the
liver and lungs in response to acute heart failure
Left sided heart failure causes
Pulmonary congestion
happens because of the obstruction of venous outflow caused by a neoplastic or inflammatory mass, displacement of an organ, or fibrosis resulting from healing injury.
Localized chronic passive congestion
results in the dilation of the vasculature and vascular sinusoids such as in the spleen
relaxation of the muscle caused by barbiturate anesthesia or euthanasia
Occurs because of decreased passage of blood through either the heart or the lungs. This is most often cause by heart failure or condition that inhibit the flow of the blood to the lung.
Generalized passive congestion
right sided heart failure causes
Portal vein and hepatic congestion
There may be fibrosis caused by the hypoxia and cell injury that accompanies by a passive engorgement of the vascular bed
Chronic Congestion (e.g., chronic hepatic congestion)
Gross appearance: dark red, swollen (edema), and cooler than normal. The microvasculature is engorged with blood, and there is often surrounding edema and sometimes hemorrhage caused by diapedesis.
Chronic congestion
Occurs when the perfusion of the tissue in the affected area becomes inadequate to meet the metabolic needs of the tissue.
Ischemia
is most commonly result of incomplete laminar blockage of thrombus or embolus
Ischemia caused by arterial disease
blood in passive congestion is deoxygenated leading to
Cyanosis
The syndrome of right heart failure resulting from primary pulmonary disease
Cor Pulmonale
The dog liver is enlaarge and dark red
Acute passive congestion
Local obstruction to venous drainage
Acute local passive congestion
The dog’s lungs are moderately firm and yellow-brown because of alveolar macrophages containing hemosiderin. Inflammatory mediators of these macrophages also induce fibroplasia, thus there is the extensive formation of interstitial collagen in the long tern. This collagen is the reason the lung fail to collapse after loss of negative pressure in the pleura cavity whe the diaphragm is incised at necropsy.
Chronic Passive congestion in the lung of a dog
A slowly developing tumor or abscess, enlarges and eventually compresses adjacent veins
Chronic local passive congestion
the cut surface of a dog’s liver has a repeating pattern of red and tan mottling (an accentuated lobular pattern). The condition leads to consistent hypoxia in centrilobular areas and atrophy, degeneration, and/or eventually necrosis of centrilobular hepatocytes.
Chronic passive congestion (nutmeg liver), cut liver surface of a dog
