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Veterinary Pathology > Chapter 2 NECROSIS: Irreversible Injury > Flashcards

Chapter 2 NECROSIS: Irreversible Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the rapid death of a limited portion of an organism and is considered to be the final stage in irreversible degeneration.

A

Necrosis

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2
Q

Term used for the entire process of degeneration and death of cells.

A

Necrobiosis

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3
Q

The tissue was dead prior to the time of removal from the live body or prior to the time of the animal’s or human’s death.

A

Necrosis

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3
Q

Morphological type of necrosis and suggests a semi-solid or fluid mass that has been present for some time undergoing self-digestion.

A

implies the rapid enzymatic lysis of dead
cells.

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4
Q

Four types of nuclear changes that may occur:

A

1.Pyknosis – condensed nucleus
2.Karyorrhexis–shattered nucleus
3.Karyolysis – dissolving nucleus
4.Absence of the nucleus - after dissolution
leaving a hollow, ghost appearance.

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5
Q

The gross indications of necrosis are:

A
  1. loss of color or paleness of the tissue
  2. loss of strength of the tissue as it softens
  3. a definite zone of demarcation between necrotic and viable tissue
  4. the location or pattern of the lesion.
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5
Q

death of cells following irreversible cell injury. It is the outcome of irreversible cellular degeneration.

A

Necrosis

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6
Q

Owing to lysosomal
disruption

A

Lysis of the cytoplasm

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6
Q

refers to severely eosinophilic or reddish cytoplasm

A

Adicophilia of the cytoplasm

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6
Q

an area of necrosis in which the gross and microscopic architecture of the tissue and some of the cells are recognizable. This condition may result from acute
deprivation of blood supply.

A

Coagulative or Coagulation Necrosis

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7
Q

Distinctive type of necrosis and occurs in the abdominal cavity or under the skin. On cut surface, there are had white gritty lumps.

A

Fat Necrosis

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8
Q

Is manifested by loss of recognizable architecture and will contain combinations of much dark nuclear debris and amorphous eosinophilic cytoplasmic debris, perhaps mixed with components of blood clots, hemorrhage, thrombi and calcification.

A

Caseous or Caseation Necrosis

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8
Q

seen in pancreatitis

A

Fat necrosis

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9
Q

Implies “curdle or cheesy” as in tuberculous lesions.

A

Caseous or Caseation Necrosis

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10
Q

characterized by the presence of friable, cheesy, amorphous material in necrotic area. This term is usually reserved for tuberculous lesions.

A

Caseous or Caseation Necrosis

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11
Q

and in adult cow, can cause death due to necrosis and hardening of intestines (lipomatosis).

A

Fat necrosis

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12
Q

The requirement for GANGRENE is?

A

necrosis plus putrefaction

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12
Q

Occurs when saprophytic
bacteria grow in necrotic tissue.

A

Gangrene or Gangrenous Necrosis

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13
Q

This occurs in necrotized portion of the skin with moisture loss due to evaporation and drainage and presence of saprophytic bacteria. Extremities such as the tail, ears or limbs are the usual location.

A

Dry gangrene

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13
Q

Two types of gangrene

A

Dry gangrene and
Wet gangrene

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14
Q

Color is usually black, with gas bubbles and may have much hemorrhage and edema in and around the lesion.

A

Wet gangrene

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15
Q

A type of coagulative necrosis in striated muscles characterized by loss of striations following necrosis.

A

Zenker’s Necrosis (Zenker’s degeneration)

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15
Q

A form of coagulative necrosis resulting from a sudden deprivation of blood supply. Commonly occurring in areas or organs with end artery (i.e., kidney) blocked by thromboembolic lesions.

A

Infarct

16
Q

a special form of necrosis with fibrinoid accumulating in along walls of blood vessel and connective tissues.

A

Fibrinoid Necrosis

17
Q

Is a shallow area of necrosis confined to epidermis that heals without scarring.

A

Erosion

18
Q

An excavation of a surface produced by necrosis and sloughing of the necrotic debris and implies involvement of the tissue below the surface layer.

A

Ulcer

19
Q

A piece of necrotic tissue in the process of separation from viable tissue and implies a process of shedding when used with reference to a surface.

A

Slough

20
Q

A piece of necrotic tissue separating from viable tissue.

A

Slough

21
Q

This term is applied to necrosis of surface epithelia.

A

Slough

22
Q

An area of liquefactive necrosis of the nervous tissues. Literally means “softening”.

A

Malacia

23
Q

An isolated necrotic mass.

A

Sequestrum

24
Q

The deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues. Usually occurs following tissue necrosis

A

Calcification

24
Q

The process of sequestrum.

A

Sequestration

25
Q

When calcium salts are deposited in damaged cells and tissues.

A

Dystrophic calcification

26
Q

Deposition of calcium salts in vital tissues and is always associated with hypercalcemia.

A

Metastatic Calcification

27
Q

Term sometimes used for extensive metastatic calcification.

A

Calcinosis

28
Q

A term that describes widespread of deposition of calcium in tissues of individual treated with a calcium sensitizer.

A

Calciphylaxis

29
Q

Considered an experimental condition.

A

Calciphylaxis

30
Q

Sensitizers include vitamin D, parathyroid hormone or calcium ions.

A

Calciphylaxis

31
Q

May occur naturally; by overfeeding mineral and vitamins.

A

Calciphylaxis

32
Q

Is released from the cytoplasm of injured
liver cells. (in moderate injury)

A

Alanine transaminase (ALT), also called as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

33
Q

Is located in mitochondria and is released in more extensive injury. This occurs in liver, muscles etc… But take note that it is not tissue specific as in ALT.

A

Aspartate transaminase (AST), also called serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

34
Q

Other enzymes used to evaluate tissue damage
are:

A
  1. Lactic dehydrogenase (LHD)
  2. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
  3. Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
35
Q

Specific enzymes the heart releases into the blood can be assayed to assess the extent of necrosis.

A

Troponin, creatine kinase (CK) isoform (cardiac specific)

36
Q

Specific enzymes the liver releases into the blood can be assayed to assess the extent of necrosis.

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

36
Q

Specific enzymes the Skeletal muscles release into the blood can be assayed to assess the extent of necrosis.

A

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) isoform

37
Q

Specific enzymes the pancreas releases into the blood can be assayed to assess the extent of necrosis.

A

pancreatic specific lipase

38
Q

The rigidity or stiffening of muscles after death. This is due to contraction of
muscle fibers as ATPs are depleted or exhausted.

A

Rigor mortis

38
Q

Means self-digestion by the tissues’ enzymes that are present in, or released into, the cytoplasm of the cell after death.

A

Autolysis

39
Q

Refers to the gradual cooling of the body after death.

A

Algor mortis

40
Q

Term for the gravitational settling of blood to the downside of the animal. In this instance, you will know the position of the individual when it was dead.

A

Livor mortis

41
Q

Post-mortem changes

A
  1. Imbibition with hemoglobin discoloration results from breakdown of hemoglobin and the action of bacterial hydrogen sulfide on hemoglobin.
  2. Imbibition with bile
  3. Post-mortem clots (currant-jelly and chicken fat clots)
42
Q

Necrosis →

A

Calcification

43
Q

Necrosis → Localization →

A

Sequestration

44
Q

Necrosis → Localization → Sequestration →

A

Resorption → Granulation tissue (Scar formation; fibrosis)

45
Q

Necrosis → Lysis →

A

→ Cyst
→ Cavity

46
Q

Necrosis → Secondary infection →

A

→ Abscess
→Gangrene

Veterinary Pathology (4 decks)

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