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BIO311D: Biology > CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the circulatory fluid in an open circulatory system?

A

Hemolymph (blood + interstitial fluid)

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2
Q

What is the circulatory fluid in a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood

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3
Q

Which circulatory system has a higher pressure and is more effective at transport?

A

A closed circulatory system

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of a circulatory system?

A
  1. Circulatory fluid
  2. Set of interconnected vessels
  3. Muscular pump
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5
Q

How do organisms without a circulatory system function?

A

Their body tissues are thin enough to absorb O2, and nutrients simply diffuse from the digestive system to other tissues

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6
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Arteries carry O2-rich blood away from the heart, and are thick to accomodate for the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart

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7
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Veins carry O2-poor blood to the heart and are thin and have valves

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8
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Capillaries are the site of gas exchange

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9
Q

What is the function of the atrium?

A

The atrium receives blood

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10
Q

What is the function of the ventricle?

A

The ventricle pumps blood

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11
Q

What are the 3 similar layers between arteries and veins?

A
  1. Endothelial lining
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Connective tissue
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12
Q

What is absent where diffusion/exchange occurs in capillaries?

A

Smooth muscle

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13
Q

What is the process for single circulation?

A

In single circulation, blood collects in the artium and moves to the ventricle, where it is then pumped throughout the body, passing through 2 capilary beds before returning to the heart

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14
Q

What is the process for double circulation?

A

In double circulation, there are 2 circuits of blood flow and pumps are combined into 1 organ to simplify coordination of the pumping cycle

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15
Q

What 2 circuits are present in double circulation?

A
  1. Pulmonary circuit
  2. Systemic circuit
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16
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

A

The pulmonary circuit is located on the right side of the heart and pumps O2-poor blood to capillary beds of gas exchange tissues

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17
Q

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

A

The systemic circuit is located on the left side of the heart and pumps O2-rich blood from gas echange tissues in the lungs to capillary beds in organs and tissues

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18
Q

What happens to blood flow when there is a decrease in vessel diameter?

A

Veocity decreases because of the higher resistance and larger-cross sectional areas

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19
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is the hydrostatis pressure that blood exerts against vessel walls

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20
Q

What determines blood pressure?

A
  1. Cardiac output - volume moved out per unit of time
  2. Peripheral resistance via arteriole constriction
21
Q

What are the 2 types of blood pressure?

A
  1. Systolic pressure - highest pressure during cardiac contraction
  2. Diastolic pressure - lowest pressure during cardiac relaxation
22
Q

In what direction does blood from?

A

Blood flows from high pressure areas to low pressure areas

23
Q

How does vasodilation regulate blood pressure?

A

Vasodilation opens the vessels, decreasing blood pressure

24
Q

How does vasoconstriction regulate blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction narrows the vessels, increasing blood pressure

25
Q

What system is in charge of fluid return?

A

Lymphatic system

26
Q

Where does the lymphatic system drain lymph collected at the venous ends of capillary beds

A

Large veins in the neck

27
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lacteals are special lymph capillaries which collect digested fats

28
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Gas exchange is the intake of O2 and the release of CO2

29
Q

What is a respiratory medium?

A

A respiratory medium is the source of O2 (e.g. air, water)

30
Q

What is a respiratory surface?

A

A respiratory surface is the site of gas exchange

31
Q

What increases the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Larger surface area
  2. Shorter path for diffusion
32
Q

What must an effective respiratory surface have?

A
  1. Large surface area
  2. Thin permeable surface
  3. Moist exchange surface
33
Q

What is negative pressure breathing?

A

Negative pressure breathing is the pulling of air into the lungs

34
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

The volume of the lungs increases and air pressure is lowered, allowing for inhalation

35
Q

What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?

A

The volume of the lungs decereases and air pressure is increased, forcing air out of the lungs (axhalation)

36
Q

How is our rate of breathing controlled?

A

The medulla uses pH of fluid in which it is bathed as an indicator of blood-CO2 levels

When CO2 levels are high, there is an increase in H+ (a drop in pH), so the medulla sends a message to increase depth and rate of breathing to bring CO2 levels back down

37
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by 1 gas in a mixture

38
Q

In what direction do gases diffuse?

A

Gases diffuse down concentration gradients, from areas of higher partial pressure to those of lower partial pressure

39
Q

What is a respiratory pigment?

A

A respiratory pigment is a protein which increases the amount of O2 that blood can transport

40
Q

What happens when O2 binds to 1 subunit of hemoglobin?

A

There is an increase in affinity of other subunits for O2

41
Q

What happens when O2 unbinds from hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobins affinity for O2 decreases

42
Q

What is Bohr’s shift?

A

Bohr’s shift occurs when CO2 reacts with H2O to form H2CO3, decreasing pH and decreasing hemoglobins affinity for O2

43
Q

What are different pathological changes which affect gas exchange in alveoli?

A
  1. Decrease in alveolar surface area
    1. Emphysema (chronic smokers)
  2. Increase in alveolar membrane thickness
    1. Scar tissue from fibric lung diseases
  3. Increase in diffusion distance
    1. Pulmonary edema
44
Q

What is asthma?

A

Asthma is the chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes swelling and narrowing of airways

45
Q

What are symptoms of asthma?

A
  1. Shortness of breath
  2. Wheezing
  3. Coughing
  4. Chest tightness
46
Q

What are the 2 goals for asthma treatment?

A
  1. Control airway inflammation using corticosteroids
  2. Prevent airway thickening using bronchiodilators
47
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Emphysema is the decrease in cilia from cell lining of airways due to long-term exposure of cigarette smoke

48
Q
A
49
Q

What is chronic obstructive bronchitis?

A

COB is difficult breathing as a result of irritated and inflammed airways lined with thick mucus

BIO311D: Biology (14 decks)

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