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FHB exam one > Circulatory 4 > Flashcards

Circulatory 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Precapillary resistance vessels

A

Arterioles, metarterioles, and precapillary sphincters

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2
Q

Exchange vessels

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

Postcapillary resistance vessels

A

Venules

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4
Q

Five characteristics of capillary blood flow

A
  1. Low velocity
  2. Vasomotion
  3. Pressure gradients
  4. Non-uniform
  5. Rouleaux formation
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5
Q

Transcapillary fluid exchange

A

Movement of fluid, exchange of nutrients, out of and into the capillary

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6
Q

Factors governing transcapillary fluid exchange

A
  1. Plasma oncotic pressure
  2. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
  3. Tissue oncotic pressure
  4. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
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7
Q

Plasma oncotic pressure

A

An osmotic pressure exerted by substances found int he plasma, primarily plasma proteins

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8
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

Mean capillary blood pressure

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9
Q

Tissue oncotic pressure

A

An osmotic pressure exerted by substances dissolved in the intersitium, such as proteins. Counterpart to plasma oncotic pressure

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10
Q

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure caused by the volume of fluid within the interstitium

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11
Q

Determinants of plasma oncotic pressure

A

The key factor that holds fluid within the capillaries is the osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins

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12
Q

Most clinically relevant protein

A

Albumin

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13
Q

Why is that protein the most clinically relevant?

A

Albumin exerts a greater osmotic force than can be accounted for solely on the basis of the number of molecules dissolved in a unit volume of plasma (contributes a disproportionately large percentage of the plasma oncotic pressure)

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14
Q

With what does albumin interact?

A

Negatively charged ions, such as chloride, resulting in the retention of more sodium within the vascular space

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15
Q

Breakdown of proteins in plasma

A

Albumin - 51%
Globulin - 17%
Fibrinogen - 4%
Others - 28%

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16
Q

Determinants of capillary hydrostatic pressure: bathtub analogy

A

Amount of water filling a tub (capillary hydrostatic pressure) is determined by the resistance to water flow entering the tub through the faucet (precapillary resistance to arterial flow) and resistance to water flow leaving the tub through the drain (post-capillary resistance to venous flow)

17
Q

What determinant plays the biggest part in capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

Venous pressure; there is significant pre-capillary resistance on the arterial side, and little post-capillary resistance

18
Q

Pre/post-capillary resistance ratio

A

Increase it: decrease capillary hydrostatic pressure

Decrease it: increase capillary hydrostatic pressure

19
Q

Prostacyclins

A

Increase cAMP to phosphorylate myosin light chain kinase, inhibiting MLCK. Decreased phosphorylation of MLC, less actin-myosin interaction
VASODILATION

20
Q

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor

A

Vasodilation, consisting of primarily nitric oxide

21
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Acts via cGMP/PKG to phosphorylate MLCK, inhibiting MLCK, decreasing MLC phosphorylation and thereby decreasing actin-myosin interaction.
VASODILATION

22
Q

Endothelin

A

ET receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells activate PLC to release IP3, which releases intracellular calcium
VASOCONSTRICTION

23
Q

Metabolites

A

Adenosine, hydrogen ion, carbon dioxide, and potassium ion

Cause relaxation and vasodilation

24
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

Collect and return interstitial fluid to the circulatory system

25
Q

Structure of lymphatic vessels

A

Unidirectional flow of plasma and protein
Valvular, like veins, but have thinner walls
Non-fenestrated, no muscle

26
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels eventually end up?

A

In large collecting vessels that return the lymphatic fluid to the subclavian veins

27
Q

Three factors governing lymph flow

A

Amount of capillary filtration
Skeletal muscular activity
Lymphatic unidirectional valves

28
Q

Edema

A

An accumulation of excess fluid within the interstitial space

29
Q

Precipitating factors of peripheral edema

A
  1. Reduction in plasma protein concentration
  2. Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure
  3. Increased permeability of capillary membrane
  4. Lymphatic obstruction
30
Q

Possible causes of edema

A
  1. Congestive heart failure
  2. Mechanical obstruction of venous return
  3. Renal disease - loss of protein
  4. Liver disease - lack of protein
  5. Burn - increases capillary permeability

FHB exam one (23 decks)

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