Circulatory 3

Question 1

Transmural pressure

Answer 1

Pressure tending to distend or collapse a vessel - total pressure pushing on the vessel wall

Question 2

Pressure gradient

Answer 2

Pressure differential between inflow and outflow

Question 3

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 3

Pressure caused by the height of a fluid column (due to gravity)

Question 4

Mean arterial pressure

Answer 4

Average pressure existing in the aorta and proximal arterial system during one cardiac cycle

Question 5

Equation for mean arterial pressure

Answer 5

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
OR
2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic

Question 6

Physiological factors affecting mean arterial pressure

Answer 6

Cardiac output

Peripheral resistance

Question 7

Physical factors affecting mean arterial pressure

Answer 7

Arterial blood volume and arterial compliance

Question 8

Cardiac output as a physiological factor

Answer 8

Primarily affects systolic pressure; regulated by autonomic nervous system

Question 9

Peripheral resistance as a physiological factor

Answer 9

Primarily affects diastolic pressure; also regulated by the ANS, but local metabolic activity overrides nervous control

Question 10

Baroreceptor reflex

Answer 10

Acts via the autonomic nervous system to affect both cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Question 11

Exercise’s effect on blood pressure

Answer 11

Systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure remains constant or decrerases

Question 12

MAP during exercise

Answer 12

Pulse pressure widens due to increase in systolic and steady state/decrease of diastolic, thereby increasing the MAP

Question 13

Disease’s effect on blood pressure

Answer 13

Congestive heart failure, infarction, bradycardia, and sepsis all decrease blood pressure.

Question 14

Arterial compliance as a physical factor

Answer 14

Affects both systolic and diastolic pressures; determined by location in vasculature, age, blood volume, sympathetic tone, and pregnancy

Question 15

Blood volume as a physical factor

Answer 15

Affects stroke volume and arterial compliance

Question 16

For things that happen in anticipation of exercise

Answer 16

1. Decrease of parasympathetic nerve activity
2. Increase sympathetic nerve activity
3. Increased heart rate and myocardial contractility
4. Continues through exercise

Question 17

Four things that happen with sympathetic activity to the heart

Answer 17

1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased contractility
3. Increased cardiac output
4. As heart rate reaches maximum, stroke volume declines due to decreased filling time

Question 18

From where is blood diverted during sympathetic vasoconstriction?

Answer 18

Skin
Kidneys
Splanchnic regions
Inactive muscle

Question 19

Vascular resistance during sympathetic stimulation

Answer 19

Increases due to vasoconstriction

Question 20

Which type of vasculature remains unchanged during sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 20

Cerebral, pulmonary, and cardiac

Question 21

Compounds involved in metabolic vasodilation

Answer 21

K+, adenosine, CO2, and hydrogen ion

Question 22

What is the effect of metabolic vasodilators?

Answer 22

Lowers vascular resistance and increases blood flow 15-20 fold

Question 23

Where does metabolic vasodilation take place?

Answer 23

In metabolically active skeletal muscle and heart

Question 24

What is total peripheral resistance dependent upon?

Answer 24

Level of exercise and mass of active muscle

Question 25

Capillary recruitment

Answer 25

Active muscle capillaries all open for maximum blood flow

Question 26

Enhanced oxygen extraction

Answer 26

Rightward shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, since less oxygen is held by hemoglobin and more oxygen unloads into the skeletal muscle

Question 27

What affect does enhanced oxygen extraction have on the AV oxygen difference?

Answer 27

Increases it

Question 28

Where can enhanced oxygen extraction not take place?

Answer 28

In the heart

Question 29

Sympathetic venoconstriction

Answer 29

Decreases venous compliance and shunts blood back to the heart

Question 30

Muscle pump

Answer 30

Working skeletal muscles compress veins and shunt blood back to the heart through one-way venous valves to increase venous return

Question 31

Respiratory pump

Answer 31

During deep inspiration, negative intra-thoracic pressure and positive intra-abdominal pressure create a pressure gradient that increases venous return

Question 32

How is systolic pressure mainly increased during exercise?

Answer 32

By the increase in stroke volume

Question 33

What else contributes to maintaining and raising mean arterial pressure during exercise?

Answer 33

Sympathetic vasoconstriction

Question 34

How is diastolic pressure primarily determined? During exercise?

Answer 34

By changes in total peripheral resistance; depending on the level of exercise and mass of active tissue, it could rise slightly, stay the same, or even decrease