Circulatory 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Transmural pressure

A

Pressure tending to distend or collapse a vessel - total pressure pushing on the vessel wall

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2
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Pressure differential between inflow and outflow

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3
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure caused by the height of a fluid column (due to gravity)

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4
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

Average pressure existing in the aorta and proximal arterial system during one cardiac cycle

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5
Q

Equation for mean arterial pressure

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
OR
2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic

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6
Q

Physiological factors affecting mean arterial pressure

A

Cardiac output

Peripheral resistance

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7
Q

Physical factors affecting mean arterial pressure

A

Arterial blood volume and arterial compliance

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8
Q

Cardiac output as a physiological factor

A

Primarily affects systolic pressure; regulated by autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

Peripheral resistance as a physiological factor

A

Primarily affects diastolic pressure; also regulated by the ANS, but local metabolic activity overrides nervous control

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10
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Acts via the autonomic nervous system to affect both cardiac output and peripheral resistance

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11
Q

Exercise’s effect on blood pressure

A

Systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure remains constant or decrerases

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12
Q

MAP during exercise

A

Pulse pressure widens due to increase in systolic and steady state/decrease of diastolic, thereby increasing the MAP

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13
Q

Disease’s effect on blood pressure

A

Congestive heart failure, infarction, bradycardia, and sepsis all decrease blood pressure.

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14
Q

Arterial compliance as a physical factor

A

Affects both systolic and diastolic pressures; determined by location in vasculature, age, blood volume, sympathetic tone, and pregnancy

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15
Q

Blood volume as a physical factor

A

Affects stroke volume and arterial compliance

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16
Q

For things that happen in anticipation of exercise

A
  1. Decrease of parasympathetic nerve activity
  2. Increase sympathetic nerve activity
  3. Increased heart rate and myocardial contractility
  4. Continues through exercise
17
Q

Four things that happen with sympathetic activity to the heart

A
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Increased contractility
  3. Increased cardiac output
  4. As heart rate reaches maximum, stroke volume declines due to decreased filling time
18
Q

From where is blood diverted during sympathetic vasoconstriction?

A

Skin
Kidneys
Splanchnic regions
Inactive muscle

19
Q

Vascular resistance during sympathetic stimulation

A

Increases due to vasoconstriction

20
Q

Which type of vasculature remains unchanged during sympathetic stimulation?

A

Cerebral, pulmonary, and cardiac

21
Q

Compounds involved in metabolic vasodilation

A

K+, adenosine, CO2, and hydrogen ion

22
Q

What is the effect of metabolic vasodilators?

A

Lowers vascular resistance and increases blood flow 15-20 fold

23
Q

Where does metabolic vasodilation take place?

A

In metabolically active skeletal muscle and heart

24
Q

What is total peripheral resistance dependent upon?

A

Level of exercise and mass of active muscle

25
Capillary recruitment
Active muscle capillaries all open for maximum blood flow
26
Enhanced oxygen extraction
Rightward shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, since less oxygen is held by hemoglobin and more oxygen unloads into the skeletal muscle
27
What affect does enhanced oxygen extraction have on the AV oxygen difference?
Increases it
28
Where can enhanced oxygen extraction not take place?
In the heart
29
Sympathetic venoconstriction
Decreases venous compliance and shunts blood back to the heart
30
Muscle pump
Working skeletal muscles compress veins and shunt blood back to the heart through one-way venous valves to increase venous return
31
Respiratory pump
During deep inspiration, negative intra-thoracic pressure and positive intra-abdominal pressure create a pressure gradient that increases venous return
32
How is systolic pressure mainly increased during exercise?
By the increase in stroke volume
33
What else contributes to maintaining and raising mean arterial pressure during exercise?
Sympathetic vasoconstriction
34
How is diastolic pressure primarily determined? During exercise?
By changes in total peripheral resistance; depending on the level of exercise and mass of active tissue, it could rise slightly, stay the same, or even decrease