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HISTO > CIRCULATORY > Flashcards

CIRCULATORY Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Vascular System

A

 Heart
 Blood Vessels
–Arteries
–Blood capillaries
–Veins

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2
Q

 Lymphatic capillaries
 Larger lymphatic vessels
 Thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct

A

Lymphatic Vascular System

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3
Q

Muscular organ that
is rhythmically
contracting
 Middle mediastinum
within the pericardial
cavity

A

HEART

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4
Q

Weight in normal
adult of heart

A

– Females: 250-300 g
– Males: 300-350 g

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5
Q

4 chambers

A

–Right and left atria
–Right and left ventricles

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6
Q

Walls of the heart have 3 layers

A

– Endocardium
– Myocardium
– Epicardium

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7
Q

Lined by
– Underneath is a thin subendothelial
layer ( contains collagen and elastic
fibers and some smooth muscles)

A

Endocardium

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8
Q

–Connects the myocardium to
subendothelial layer
–Contains veins, nerves, branches of
impulse-conducting system

A

 Subendocardial layer

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9
Q

 Central core of dense fibrous tissue
(collagen and elastic fibers)
 Lined on both sides by endothelium
 Bases of valves attached to annuli
fibrosi

A

Cardiac Valves

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10
Q

– Prevent the reflux of blood during
relaxation of heart

A

Cardiac Valves Function

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11
Q

 Middle and thickest layer
 Cardiac muscles arranged in layers
which insert into fibrous skeleton
 Responsible for
– Pumping blood through the circulation
–Conduction of impulses

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

 Outer fibrous layer or fibrous
pericardium
 Inner serous layer or serous
pericardium
– External parietal layer
– Inner visceral layer (epicardium)

A

Pericardium

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13
Q

 Corresponds to the visceral layer of
the pericardium
 Covered by mesothelium
 Subepicardial layer of loose CT
contains veins, nerves, adipose
tissue

A

Epicardium

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14
Q

Formed by visceral and outer parietal
layer of the pericardium
 Has small amount of fluid

A

Pericardial Cavity

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15
Q

Continuous framework of dense
connective tissue (thick collagen
fibers oriented in various directions)
which
– Provide attachment for many cardiac
muscles
–Serves as base of valves

A

Cardiac Skeleton

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16
Q

–Annuli fibrosi
– Trigona fibrosa
–Septum membranosum

A

Cardiac Skeleton
 Principal components

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17
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle fibers for
impulse conduction
–Sinoatrial node (SA)
–Atrioventricular node (AV)
–Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
– Purkinje cells

A

Conducting System

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18
Q

–Vessels more than 0.1 mm in diameter
– Large arterioles, muscular and elastic
arteries, muscular veins

A

Macrovasculature

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19
Q

–Visible only under the microscope
(< 0.5 mm)
–Small arterioles, capillaries,
postcapillary venules
– Important site of exchange between
blood and surrounding tissues

A

Microvasculature

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20
Q

Lined by endothelium supported by
subendothelial layer

A

Tunica Intima

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21
Q

– Forms the boundary between the tunica
intima and tunica media
–Composed of elastin
– Has gaps that allow diffusion of
substances to nourish the deeper layers

A

internal elastic lamina
(elastica interna)

22
Q

Middle layer of circular smooth
muscles
 Variable amounts of elastic fibers,
reticular fibers, proteoglycans and
glycoproteins

A

Tunica Media

23
Q

Forms boundary between tunica media
and tunica adventitia

A

In arteries, has external elastic
lamina (elastica externa)

24
Q

 Outer coat
 Consists principally of collagen and
elastic fibers

A

Tunica Adventitia

25
Q

 Blood supply to blood vessels
 Numerous in the adventitia of large
vessels
 Supply blood to adventitia and outer
part of tunica media
 More frequent in veins than arteries

A

Vasa Vasorum

26
Q

Blood vessels containing smooth
muscles are supplied by sympathetic
nerve fibers (vasomotor nerve)
– Its neurotransmitter is epinephrine

A

Nerve Supply

27
Q

 Elastic artery
 Muscular artery
 Small artery and arterioles

A

Classification of Artery

28
Q

 Large elastic arteries
 Thicker intima
 Internal elastic lamina not clear

A

Elastic Artery or Conducting
Artery

29
Q

 Numerous elastic fibers in the tunica
media
 Lumen is larger while wall is thinner
 Include the aorta and its large
branches

A

Elastic Artery or Conducting
Artery

30
Q

Medium-sized arteries
 Intima with very thin subendothelial
layer
 Prominent internal elastic lamina
 Less elastic fibers and more smooth
muscles

A

Muscular or Distributing Artery

31
Q

 Lumen is smaller and wall is thicker
 Include branchial, femoral, radial,
popliteal arteries and their branches

A

Muscular or Distributing Artery

32
Q

– 200 u to 400 u in diameter with narrow lumen
– Very thin subendothelial layer; internal elastic
lamina absent; media with 1 or 2 circular
smooth muscles

A

Arterioles

33
Q

Tunica media more developed with larger
lumens

A

 Small artery

34
Q

 In both, tunica adventitia very thin
 Important segment of the circulation
– Principal component of the peripheral
resistance to flow that regulate blood pressure

A

Small Artery and Arterioles

35
Q

 Small endothelial tubes that connect
arterioles to venules
 Average diameter 5-10 u
Wall is composed of simple
squamous (endothelium) resting on
a basal lamina

A

Blood Capillaries

36
Q

Scattered along the outside are cells
called

A

pericytes

37
Q

– Perivascular contractile cells
– Possess long branching processes that
extend circumferentially around each
capillary
– Well developed actin and myosin
– Help propel blood through the capillaries

A

pericytes

38
Q

– Help propel blood through the capillaries
–After tissue injury can proliferate and
differentiate to form smooth muscles
when capillaries are transformed into
arterioles or large venules

A

Pericyte functions

39
Q

 Or tight capillaries
 Endothelium forms a thin
uninterrupted layer around the
capillary
 Allows regulated exchange of
materials
 Found in all types of muscles, CT,
exocrine glands, nervous tissue

A

Continuous Capillaries

40
Q

 Visceral capillaries
 Endothelium is interrupted with small
circular fenestrae
– are obliterated by a diaphragm that is
thinner than cell membrane
 Basal lamina is continuous
 Found in kidneys, small intestine,
choroid plexus, endocrine glands

A

Fenestrated Capillaries

41
Q

 Or tight capillaries
 Endothelium forms a thin
uninterrupted layer around the
capillary
 Allows regulated exchange of
materials
 Found in all types of muscles, CT,
exocrine glands, nervous tissue

A

Continuous Capillaries

42
Q

 Capillaries have wider diameter
 Endothelial cells are separated by
wide spaces
– have large fenestrae without diaphragm
 Basal lamina discontinuous
 Found in the liver, bone marrow and
spleen, some endocrine glands

A

Sinusoidal Capillaries
(Discontinuous)

43
Q

 15-20 u diameter
 Endothelium with very pericytes
 Loose endothelial junctions
 Large diameter and lumen
 Converge to form collecting venules,
then muscular venules

A

Postcapillary Venules

44
Q

 Majority of veins are small or
medium-sized with < 1 cm diameter
Wall has 3 layers
– Intima with thin subendothelial layer
– Media with small bundles of smooth
muscles
– Well developed adventitia

A

Veins

45
Q

 Veins close to the heart
Well developed intima
 Relatively thin tunica media
 Thick tunica adventitia

A

Large Veins

46
Q

have valves especially
numerous in the veins of the legs
 Consist of paired semi-lunar folds of
tunica intima
 Prevent backflow of blood

A

Large Veins

47
Q

Structural differences with arteries
–Veins have lesser smooth muscle fibers
and elastic fibers
–Boundaries of the layers are not very
distinct
– Thickest coat in the veins is the tunica
adventitia
– Presence of valves

A

Veins

48
Q

 Drain interstitial fluid
 Blind-ended terminal branches
 Variable diameter between 10-50 u
 Single layer of endothelium and
incomplete basal lamina
 Have openings between endothelial
cells with anchoring filaments
 Transport clear fluid called lymph

A

Lymphatic Capillaries

49
Q

Lymphatic vessels are more variable
with regards to its shape and caliber
 Pericytes are absent
 Incomplete basal lamina
 End blindly as rounded or swollen
ends

A

Lymphatic Capillaries
Differ from Blood Capillaries

50
Q

 Larger lymphatic vessels
–Resemble veins more than arteries
– 3 layers of coat but are less distinct
– Tunica media smooth muscle fibers are
more developed
–Valves are present
 Thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct

A

Lymphatic Vessels

HISTO (4 decks)

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