BLOOD

Question 1

Normal Myeloid to Erythroid (M:E) ratio

Answer 1

2 to 3:1

Question 2

Bone Marrow
Hematopoietic Precursors
Normal proportion

Answer 2

– 65% granulocytes and their precursors
– 25% erythroid precursors
– 10% lymphocytes and monocytes and
their precursors

Question 3

Obtained by examining the ratio of fat cells
to hematopoietic elements in a bone
marrow biopsy sample

Answer 3

Bone Marrow
Estimate of Marrow Activity

Question 4

Normal adult ratio is

Answer 4

1:1

Question 5

Consists of
– Cells suspended in a fluid that flow in a
regular unidirectional movement within the
closed circulatory system

Answer 5

Blood

Question 6

Normal blood volume

Answer 6

5.5

Question 7

Blood Components

Answer 7

Plasma
Formed or cellular components

Question 8

Yellowish translucent, slightly viscous fluid
Plasma proteins and elements
If plasma is allowed to clot, a clear yellow
liquid called serum separates from the
coagulum

Answer 8

Plasma

Question 9

– 58 % of serum proteins
– Formed in the liver

Answer 9

Albumin

Question 10

maintenance of blood volume by providing
colloid osmotic pressure
pH and electrolyte balance
transport of metal ions, fatty acids, steroids,
hormones and drugs

Answer 10

Albumin

Question 11

– 37% of serum proteins
– Formed by the liver and lymphoid tissues
– Responsible for antibody production and
prothrombin formation

Answer 11

Globulins

Question 12

– 4 % of serum proteins
– Essential for blood clotting
– Supernatant serum remains after the removal
of fibrinogen and clotting factors from the
plasma

Answer 12

Fibrinogen

Question 13

Inorganic components

Answer 13

– Na, K, Mg, P, Fe

Question 14

Organic components

Answer 14

Urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose,
cholesterol, and enzymes (lipase, amylase,
protease)

Question 15

Most abundant cells
8 u; flattened biconcave shape
– Shape provide a surface area that is optimal
for gas diffusion into and out of the cell
– Its reversible deformability enable the
erythrocytes to alter its shape to squeeze
through the microcirculation

Answer 15

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Question 16

Life span of 120 days
Primarily responsible for tissue
oxygenation
Hemoglobin is a pigment that makes up
about 33 % of the red cell mass

Answer 16

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Question 17

RBC count

Answer 17

– Men 4.7 – 6.1 cell/cu mm
– Women 4.2 – 5.2 cell/cu mm

Question 18

Granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes
5,000 – 10,000 cells/cu mm
Cells responsible for defense against
microorganisms and injury

Answer 18

White Blood Cell (Leukocytes)

Question 19

Disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments
140,000 – 340,000 cell/cu mm
Essential for blood coagulation and control
of bleedin

Answer 19

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Question 20

2nd week of gestation, blood formation
detectable in the mesenchyme of the body
stalk and the nearby yolk sac

Answer 20

Mesoblastic phase

Question 21

Blood formation shift to the liver, later the
spleen also becomes a site of hemopoiesis

Answer 21

Hepatic phase

Question 22

Bone marrow

Answer 22

Myeloid phase

Question 23

Occupies the cylindrical cavities of the
long bones and the spongy portion of the
vertebrae, ribs, sternum, the flat bones of
the cranium and pelvis
Soft, highly cellular tissue which occupies
the area of the cancellous (spongy) bone

Answer 23

Bone Marrow

Question 24

At birth, all bones contain deep red
hematopoietically active marrow
At 4-5 years old, the number of bloodforming cells begin to decline and the
number of adipose cells increases
Progressive increase in abundance of
adipose cells is responsible for the yellow
color of the marrow

Answer 24

Bone Marrow

Question 25

– Pelvic bones (34 %)
– Vertebrae (28%)
– Cranium and mandible (13 %)
– Sternum and ribs (10 %)
– Extreme proximal portions of femur and
humerus (4-8 %)

Answer 25

Active marrow in adults

Question 26

Hematopoietic tissue appears as an
unorganized mixture of closely packed cells of
different lineages in various stages of
differentiation
Stroma consists of reticular cells, reticular fibers,
macrophages and adipose cells
Vascular sinuses are 50-75 u in diameter lined
by very thin endothelium

Answer 26

Histology Of Bone Marrow

Question 27

Depends on the presence in the marrow of
pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells
Stem cells constitute less than 0.2 % of
the total population of nucleated cells in
the marrow
Differentiation give rise to progenitor cells

Answer 27

Blood Cell Formation

Question 28

cells that are
irreversibly committed to differentiate into
a single blood cell type

Answer 28

Progenitor cells

Question 29

morphologically and cytochemically
indistinguishable

Answer 29

Stem cells and progenitor cells

Question 30

Further differentiation of progenitor cells
into their specific cell lineages (precursor
cells or blasts), the different stages now
become morphologically distinguishable on
the basis of
– size, nuclear configuration, staining properties
and the presence or absence of specific
cytoplasmic granules

Answer 30

Blood Cell Formation