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Physiology I (Exam II material) > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

what is normal arterial blood pressure

A

120mmHg (systolic)/ 80mm Hg (diastolic)

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2
Q

What is the BP by the time it reaches the termination of the vena cava

A

0

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3
Q

What is systemic capillary pressure

A

From 35mmHg to 10 mmHg

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4
Q

What is systolic pulmonary artery pressure

A

25mm Hg

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5
Q

What is diastolic pulmonary artery pressure

A

8mm Hg

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6
Q

What is the function of arterioles

A

control conduits

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7
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

exchange between blood and extracellular fluid

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8
Q

What percentage blood is in the systemic circulation

A

84 %

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9
Q

what percent of blood is in the veins

A

64%

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10
Q

What percent of blood is in the arteries

A

13%

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11
Q

What percent of blood is in the systemic arterioles and capillaries

A

7%

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12
Q

What percentage of blood volume is in the heart and lungs

A

16%

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13
Q

What percentage of blood is in the pulmonary circulation

A

9%

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14
Q

What percentage of blood is in the heart

A

7%

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15
Q

The velocity of blood flow (v) is inversely proportional to what

A

vascular cross-sectional area (A)

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16
Q

What is the equation for velocity of blood flow

A

V=F/A (F= volume of blood flow)

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17
Q

what is the velocity of blood in the aorta when at rest

A

33cm/sec

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18
Q

What is the velocity of blood at the capillaries when at rest

A

0.3mm/sec

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19
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of the aorta

A

2.5cm squared

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20
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of small arteries

A

20 cm squared

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21
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of Arterioles

A

40 cm squared

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22
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of Capillaries

A

2500cm squared

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23
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of Venules

A

250 cm squared

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24
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of small veins

A

80 cm squared

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25
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of Vena Cavae

A

9 cm squared

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26
Q

What are the three functional principles of the Circulatory system

A
  • Rate of blood flow to each tissue of the body is almost always precisely controlled in relation to the tissue need.
  • The cardiac output is controlled mainly by the sum of all local tissue flows
  • Arterial pressure regulation is generally independent of either local blood flow control or cardiac output control
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27
Q

In each tissue what monitors tissue needs

A

Microvessels

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28
Q

O2, other nutrients, CO2 accumulation, tissue waste product accumulation at directly on what

A

local blood vessels and dilate or constrict accordingly

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29
Q

The heart responds to demand of _____

A

Tissues

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30
Q

____ may be needed to help the heart pump required amount of blood

A

nerve signals

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31
Q

Explain the nervous reflex if the arterial pressure falls below 100mm Hg

A

increase force of heart pumping
constrict large venous reservoirs
Generally constrict most of the arterioles throughout the body (increases arterial pressure)
Kidneys may later play important role in pressure control

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32
Q

What are two factors determining blood flow

A

Pressure gradient- pressure difference between the two ends of a vessel
Impediment to blood flow though the vessel (resistance)

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33
Q

Flow is directly proportional to _______ but inversely proportional to ______

A

Pressure difference, resistance

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34
Q

The flow through a vessel can be calculated by ____ (_____)

A

ohm’s law (poiseuille equation)

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35
Q

Flow is directly proportional to what

A

pressure difference

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36
Q

Flow is indirectly proportional to what

A

Resistance

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37
Q

What is poiseuille’s equation

A

Force= change in pressure/Resistance

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38
Q

Poiseuille’s equation can be applied to…..

A

a single vessel, an organ, or an entire circuit

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39
Q

Blood flow is usually expressed as

A

ml/min or liters/min

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40
Q

The overall blood flow of an adult at rest is on average

A

5000 ml/min or 5 liters/min this equals the cardiac output

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41
Q

Is the cardiac output equal to the average overall blood flow of an adult at rest

A

Yes

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42
Q

Laminar blood flow is equal to what

A

streamline flow

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43
Q

laminar blood flow means that blood flows at a steady _____ and in

A

Rate, in layers

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44
Q

Laminar blood flow means the vessel is ___ and ___

A

long and smooth

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45
Q

In laminar blood flow does each layer maintain the same distance from the vessel wall

A

yes

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46
Q

in laminar blood flow the velocity of fluid flowing in ______ is greater than that of the fluid flowing toward _______

A

Center, outer edges

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47
Q

Turbulent flow creates what

A

Murmurs

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48
Q

Does turbulent flow form layers

A

No

49
Q

Which is more resistant turbulent flow or laminar flow

A

Turbulent

50
Q

When does Turbulent flow occur

A

when flow is too great
when blood passes an obstruction within the vessel
When blood has to make a sharp turn
When blood passes over a rough surface

51
Q

What is Turbulent flow

A

When blood flows in all directions in the vessel and continually mixes within the vessel.

52
Q

What are eddy currents

A

similar to the whirlpools that one frequently sees in a rapidly flowing river at a point of obstruction
When present the blood flows with much greater resistance than when the flow is streamlined, eddies add tremendously to the overall friction of flow in the vessel

53
Q

Tendency for turbulent flow increases in direct proportion to?

A

Velocity of blood flow
diameter of the vessel
Density of the blood

54
Q

Tendency for turbulent flow is inversely proportional to

A

Viscosity of blood

55
Q

Is blood heavier than water

A

yes

56
Q

Specific gravity of blood is

A

1.055

57
Q

Blood density depends on the proportion of

A

its components and in particular of red blood cells and proteins

58
Q

Is blood more viscous than water

A

Yes

59
Q

The relative value of blood viscosity is what, when compared t the viscosity of water

A

4.5

60
Q

Blood _______ is the property of blood to adhere to vessel walls and to each other and is based on the number, shape, and size of red cells

A

Viscosity

61
Q

Viscosity ensure ______ of blood through the vessels

A

Laminar flow

62
Q

What is Reynolds number

A

it is a measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur

63
Q

What is the equation for Reynold’s number

A

Re= (VxDxP)/n

n=viscosity (in poise)

64
Q

What is the normal blood viscosity in poise

A

1/30 poise

65
Q

The density of blood is normally

A

only slightly greater than 1

66
Q

When Re rises above ______, turbulent flow will occur in some regions of a vessel

A

200-400

67
Q

When Re rises above _____, turbulence will occur even in a straight vessel

A

2000

68
Q

Blood pressure measures

A

The force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall

69
Q

Blood pressure can be measured with

A

mercury manometer or with electronic transducers

70
Q

___________ is the impediment to blood flow in a vessel

A

Resistance

71
Q

Resistance must be indirectly calculated from measurements of _____ and _____

A

blood flow and pressure

72
Q

Resistance equation in terms of blood

A

R=Pressure/volume/time

73
Q

What is a PRU

A

Peripheral resistance unit

74
Q

What are the three major variables that determine resistance

A

Vessel radius, Blood viscosity, Vessel Length

75
Q

What is the most important of the 3 major variables determining resistance

A

vessel radius

76
Q

R=?

A

R=8nl/3.14(r^4)
n= visocosity of blood
l= length of vessel

77
Q

What vessels have the largest pressure drop

A

Arterioles

78
Q

Why do arterioles have the largest pressure drop

A

they have the highest resistance

79
Q

There is a low pressure drop across the major arteries due to what

A

they have low resistance

80
Q

pulse pressure is the difference between ___ and ___

A

Systolic and diastolic pressure

81
Q

Systolic pressure is the _____ arterial pressure duing a cardiac cycle

A

Highest

82
Q

Diastolic pressure is the _____ arterial pressure

A

Lowest

83
Q

Systolic pressure is measured after _____

A

Systole

84
Q

Diastolic pressure is measured when

A

the hear is relaxed (diastole)

85
Q

What is the Rate of blood flow though the entire circulatory system

A

100ml/sec

86
Q

What is the pressure difference from systemic arteries to systemic veins

A

100 mm Hg

87
Q

What is the resistance of the entire systemic circulation

A

Rate of blood flow/pressure difference= 100/100=

1 PRU

88
Q

In conditions when the vessels are strongly constricted, total peripheral resistance may rise to ___ PRU

A

4

89
Q

When vessels are greatly dilated, the resistance can fall to as little as ___ PRU

A

0.2

90
Q

What is the average mean pulmonary arterial pressure

A

16 mm Hg

91
Q

What is the mean left atrial pressure

A

Averages 2 mm Hg

92
Q

What is the average resistance of the pulmonary system when cardiac output is the normal 100ml/sec

A

0.14 PRU

93
Q

_______ is the measure of blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference

A

Conductance

94
Q

Conductance is the exact reciprocal of what

A

Resistance

95
Q

Conductance is directly proportional to what

A

Diameter^4

96
Q

A fourfold increase in vessel diameter can increase the flow by as much as what

A

256x

97
Q

Arterioles, with only a minor change in diameter, can cause a vast _______ in blood flow

A

Increase

98
Q

Conductance is usually expressed in what

A

ml/sec per ml Hg

99
Q

Blood vessels branch extensively to form ____ circuits that supply blood to the many organs and tissues of the body

A

Parallel

100
Q

The total resistance of blood vessel branches is far ____ than the resistance of any single blood vessel

A

less

101
Q

The total conductance of vessels arranged in parallel is the ____ of the conductance of each parallel pathway

A

sum

102
Q

Name the 6 circulations arranged in parallel

A 
Brain
Kidney
Muscle
Gastrointestinal
Skin
Coronary Circulation
103
Q

Removal of a limb or removal of a kidney removes a parallel circuit and results in

A

Reduces total vascular conductance
Reduces total blood flow
Increases total peripheral vascular resistance

104
Q

_____ is a measure of the fluid’s internal resistance

A

Viscosity

105
Q

The greater the viscosity, the great the

A

Resistance

106
Q

What is the prime determinant of blood viscosity

A

Hematocrit

107
Q

The viscosity of normal blood is about ____ times as great as the viscosity of water, mostly because of the large numbers of

A

3, suspended red blood cells

108
Q

What is the normal hematocrit of adult men

A

42

109
Q

What is the normal hematocrit of adult female

A

38

110
Q

When the hematocrit rises to 60-70 what is this called

A

polycythemia

111
Q

when the hematocrit rises to 60-70 what is the viscosity

A

about 10

112
Q

What is the viscosity of blood plasma w/o RBCs

A

1.5 that of water

113
Q

What effect does anemia have on viscosity

A

it decreases it

114
Q

What effect does polycythemia have on viscosity

A

it increases it

115
Q

Autoregulation of blood flow occurs between

A

changes in arterial pressure between 70 ad 175 mm Hg

116
Q

Explain tissue blood flow autoregulation

A

The ability of each tissue to adjust its vascular resistance and to maintain normal blood flow through changes in arterial pressure between approximately 70 an 175 mm Hg

117
Q

Sympathetic innnervation effects ______ and effects arterial pressure

A

vascular tone

118
Q

as sympathetic stimulation increases so does

A

arterial pressure

Physiology I (Exam II material) (9 decks)

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