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Physiology I (Exam II material) > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What fluid compartment has the largest fluid volume

A

Intracellular fluid (28.0 L)

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2
Q

Interstitial fluid volume

A

11.0L

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3
Q

Fluid volume in plasma

A

3.0 L

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4
Q

Intracellular fluid volume

A

28.0L

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5
Q

Total volume of extracellular fluid

A 
14.0 L
3 L (plasma)+11  L (Interstitial fluid)
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6
Q

Methods for fluid output

A

kidneys, lungs, feces, Sweat, and Skin

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7
Q

What is Osmolarity

A

-mOsm (milliosmoles)/L= Concentration of particles per liter of solution

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8
Q

What is Osmolality

A
  • mOsm/kg= concentration of particles per kg solvent
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9
Q

List cation and anion concentration in the extracellular space in decreasing order

A

NA+>Cl->Bicarbonate>Proteins>Potassium>Calcium

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10
Q

List anion and cation Intracellular concentration in decreasing order

A

Potassium>Phosphate> Proteins>Magnesium> Sodium> Bicarbonate> Chloride

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11
Q

Effective osmole

A

Refers to a solute that does not easily cross a membrane. It is an effective osmole because it creates an osmotic forces for water.

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12
Q

what are effective osmoles for the vascular compartment

A

Proteins

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13
Q

What is the most prominent non electrolyte of plasma

A

Phospholipids (280mg/dl)

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14
Q

List the non-electrolyte composition of plasma in decreasing order

A

Phospholipids>Cholesterol>Neutral fat>Glucose>Urea>Lactic Acid>Uric Acid>creatinine> Billirubin>Bile salts

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15
Q

Daily ingested water intake is how much

A

2100 ml/day

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16
Q

Daily intake of water via metabolism is how much

A

200 ml/day

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17
Q

What is the total daily intake of water

A

2300 ml/day

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18
Q

What is the total daily volume of water loss

A

2300 ml/day

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19
Q

What is the daily volume of water lost by insensible evaporation

A

350 ml/day through skin (3-5 liters/day for severe burns)

350ml/day via the lungs

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20
Q

What is the daily volume of water lost from sweatign

A

100 mL/day (5000 mL/day during exercise)

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21
Q

What is the volume of water lost through feces

A

100mL/day

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22
Q

What is the total volume of water lost through Urine

A

1400 mL/day (500 mL/day during exercise)

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23
Q

The intracellular compartments hold what percent of fluid content

A

40%

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24
Q

What is the total volume of water in the body in a 70kg male

A

42 liters

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25
Q

What percent of female body weight is water

A

50%

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26
Q

What percent of premature and newborn’s body weight is water

A

70-75%

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27
Q

What are the components of a BMP

A

Sodium, potassium, Chloride, bicarbonate, BUN, Creatnine , and Glucose

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28
Q

What are the normal BMP

A 
Sodium-140 
Potassium- 4
Chloride- 104
bicarbonate- 24
BUN- 15 mg/dl
Creatnine- 1 mg/dl
Glucose- 80 mg/dl
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29
Q

What is an osmolar gap

A
  • difference between the measured osmolality and the estimated osmolatity (normal greater than or equal to 15)
  • ECF effective osmolality=2(Na+) mEq/L + (glucose mg%/18)+ (urea mg%/2.8)
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30
Q

What are 5 common things that can elevate osmolar gap

A

Ethanol, Methanol, Ethylene glycol, Acetone, Mannitol

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31
Q

Why is the ionic composition of plasma and interstitial fluid so similar

A

-because they are separated by highly permeable capillary membranes

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32
Q

Why is their a higher concentration of proteins in plasma

A

because capillaries have a low permeability to plasma proteins

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33
Q

Intracellular fluid composition

A
  • Small amounts of sodium and Chloride ions
  • almost no calcium ions
  • large amounts of potassium and phosphate ions
  • Moderate amounts of magnesium and sulphate ions
34
Q

The indicator-dilution principle applies to measurement of

A

fluid volumes in body fluid compartments

35
Q

What are the requirements for indicator-dilution principle

A

-Disperses evenly throughout compartment
- Disperses only in compartment being measured
- Not metabolized or excreted
- Not toxic
(volume B)= Volume A x concentration A/ concentration B

36
Q

Relative amounts of extracellular fluids in interstitial spaces and plasma are determined primarily by

A

balance of hydrostatic and colloid forces across capillary membranes

37
Q

Distribution of fluid between intracellular and extracellular compartments is determined mostly by

A

osmotic effects primarily of sodium and chloride ions

38
Q

The units of concentration in body fluids are typically expressed in terms of

A

milliosmoles (mOsm)

39
Q

For each mOsm concentration gradient of an impermeant solute, about _____ Hg osmotic pressure is exerted across the membrane

A

19.3 mm Hg

40
Q

The total number of particles in a solution is measured in

A

osmoles

41
Q

What is Osmolality

A

When the concentration is expressed as osmoles/Kg water

42
Q

What is Osmolarity

A

When the concentration is expressed as osmoles/liter

43
Q

about 80% of total osmolarity of the interstitial fluid and plasma is due to

A

sodium and chloride

44
Q

For intracellular fluid, about half of the osmolarity is due to

A

potassium ions

45
Q

if the cell membrane is exposed to pure water and the osmolarity of intracellular fluid is 282 mOsm/L The potential osmotic pressure that can develop across the cell membrane

A

is more than 5400 mm Hg

46
Q

Addition of isotonic saline to extracellular fluid compartment has what effect on extracellular osmolarity and volume

A
  • osmolarity does not change

- volume increases

47
Q

A solution of impermeant solutes having an osmolarity of 282 mOsm/L is

A

isotonic

48
Q

What are some examples of an isotonic solution

A

0.9% NaCl or 5% Glucose

49
Q

in an isotonic solution water

A

cannot enter or leave the cell

50
Q

Addition of hypertonic saline to extracellular fluid compartment has what effect on intracellular and extraceullar volume and osmolarity

A

Intracellular volume decreases
Extracellular volume increases
Osmolarity in both compartments increases

51
Q

A solution of impermeant solutes having an osmolarity > 282 mOsm/L is

A

hypertonic

52
Q

Addition of a hypotonic saline to extracellular fluid compartment has what effect on osmolarity and volume of the extracellular and intracellular compartement

A

Volume of both compartments increases

Osmolarity in both compartments decreases

53
Q

A solution of impermeant solutes having an osmolarity

A

Hypertonic

54
Q

No matter if the fluid is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic, the extracellular fluid

A

always has a net gain of fluid and the volume always enlarges

55
Q

The safety factor against edema is

A

-3 mm Hg

56
Q

When interstitial fluid pressure is below 0, does fluid accumulate in the tissues

A

only a little fluid accumulates in the tissues

57
Q

When interstitial fluid pressure rises above 0, what happens to free fluid

A

it accumulates in the tissues

58
Q

What are the causes of hyponatremia

A

decreased plasma sodium concentration can result form loss of sodium chloride from the extracellular fluid or addition of excess water to the extracellular fluid.
Can be caused by diarrhea and vomiting, overuse of diuretics , and Addison’s disease (which results from decreased secretion of the hormone aldosterone, and impairs the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and can cause a modest degree of hyponatremia

59
Q

Hyponatremia-dehydration- causes and effects on plasma sodium concentration as well as intracellular and extracellular fluid volume

A

Cause- adrenal insufficiency, overuse of diuretics

effects: Plasma Na+ concentration-decreases, Extracellular fluid volume decreases, Intracellular fluid volume Increases

60
Q

Hyponatremia-overhydration- causes and effects on plasma sodium concentration as well as intracellular and extracellular fluid volume

A

Causes: Excess ADH, Bronchogenic tumors

Effects: Plasma Na+ concentration decreases, Extracellular Fluid Volume Increases, Intracellular fluid volume Increases

61
Q

Hypernatremia-dehydration causes and effects on plasma sodium concentration as well as intracellular and extracellular fluid volume

A

causes: Diabetes insipidus, excessive sweating

Effects: Plasma Na+ concentration increases, Extracellular fluid volume decreases, Intracellular fluid volume decreases

62
Q

Hypernatremia-Overhydration- causes and effects on plasma sodium concentration as well as intracellular and extracellular fluid volume

A

Causes: Cushing’s syndrome, primary aldosteronism

Effects: Plasma Na+ concentration increases, Extracellular fluid volume increases, Intracellular fluid volume decreases

63
Q

A rapid reduction in plasma sodium concentrations can have what effect on the brain

A

Brain cell edema and neurological symptoms, including headache, nausea, lethargy, and disorientation.

64
Q

IF plasma sodium concentration rapidly falls below ___ to ___ mmol/L, brain swelling may lead to seizures, coma, permanent brain damage, and death.

A

115-120 mmol/L

65
Q

The brain cannot increase its volume by more than about ____ percent without being forced down the neck (herniation),, which can lead to permanent brain injury and death

A

10 percent

66
Q

What is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice and may occur in up to 15% to 25% of hospitalized patients

A

Hyponatremia

67
Q

The osmotic-mediated demylination of neurons associated with correcting hyponatremia to quickly can be avoided by

A

limiting the correction of chronic hyponatremia to less than 10-12 mmol/L in 24 hours and to less than 18 mmol/L in 48 hours

68
Q

What are the causes of Hypernatremia

A

Increase in loss of water form extracellular fluid or excess sodium in extracellular fluid
Primary loss of water: hypernatremia and dehydration may be due to lack/inability to secrete ADH, which leads to an increase in water excreted as urine (diabetes insipidus)

Gain of sodium- Hypernatremia– overhydration- increase secretion of aldosterone leads to increase Na+ (not it also leads to ADH release and thus large increase in water reabsorption)

69
Q

How to correct for hyponatremia

A

Administering hypo-osmotic sodium chloride or dextrose solutions.

70
Q

3 major causes of intracellular edema

A

hyponatremia, depresssion of metabolic systems of the tissues, lack of adequate nutrition to the cells.

71
Q

Two major general causes of extracellular edema

A

abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries, failure of the lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium back into the blood (lymphedema).

72
Q

What is the most common clinical causes of interstitial fluid accumulation

A

excessive capillary fluid filtration

73
Q

What three factors can increase capillary filtration rate

A

Increased capillary filtration coefficient
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

74
Q

Conditions that cause extracellular edema by increased capillary pressure

A

A.) Excessive kidney retention of salt and water (acute/chronic renal failure, mineralocorticoid excess)

B.) High venous pressure and venous constriction
(heart failure, Venous obstruction, Failure of venous pumps) ( Paralysis of muscles, Immobilization of parts of the body, failure of venous valves)

C.) Decreased arteriolar resistance
(Excessive body heat, insufficieny of sympathetic nervous system, Vasodilator drugs)

75
Q

Conditions that cause extracellular edema by decreased plasma proteins

A

A.) Loss of proteins in urine (nephrotic sysndrome)

B.) Loss of proteins from denuded skin areas
(burns, wounds)

C.) Failure to produce proteins (liver disease, serious protein or caloric malnutrition)

76
Q

Conditions that cause extracellular edema by Increased capillary permeability

A

A.) immune reactions that cause release of histamine and other immune products

B.) Toxins

C.) Bacterial Infections

D.) Vitamin deficiency, especially Vitamin C

E.) Prolonged ischemia

F.) Burns

77
Q

Conditions that cause extracellular edema by blockage of lymph return

A

A.) Cancer

B.) Infections (ex. Filaria nematodes)

C.) Surgery

D.) Congenital absence or abnormality of lymphatic vessels

78
Q

What are the 3 safety factors that prevent excessive edema

A

low compliance of the interstitium when interstitial fluid pressure is in the negative pressure range,

The ability of lymph flow to increase 10-to-50fold,

“washdown” of interstitial fluid protein concentration, which reduces interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure as capillary filtration increases

79
Q

What is the safety factor caused by increased lymph flow that prevents interstitial edema

A

7mm Hg

80
Q

What is the total safety factor (include the three individual factors) against edema

A

about 17 mmHg

81
Q

What is the range for pitting edema

A

intersitial free fluid pressure of +2 to +4

Interstitial fluid volume (44 Liters)

Physiology I (Exam II material) (9 decks)

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