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Physiology I (Exam II material) > Arterial and Venous System and Lymphatics > Flashcards

Arterial and Venous System and Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q 
The least amount of damping of the pressure pulses would occur in which of the following components of the circulatory system?
A.) Femoral Artery 
B.) Arterioles
C.) Capillaries 
D.) Venles
A

A.) femoral artery

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2
Q 
Which of the following factors affect(s) pulse pressure?
A.) Vascular Elastance 
B.) Arterial Compliance
C.) Stroke Volume
D.) All of the Above
E.) B and C only
A

E.) B and C only

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3
Q

Which of the following is the most important means for the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid?
A.) Blood hydrostatic pressure
B.) Capillary oncotic pressure
C.) Diffusion
D.) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
E.) Osmosis

A

C.) diffusion

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4
Q

Vascular distensibility=?

A

Increase in volume/ (increase in pressure x original volume )

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5
Q

Veins are about _____ times more distensible than arteries

A

8

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6
Q

Pulmonary vein distensibilities are about the same as for what

A

systemic veins

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7
Q

Pulmonary artery distensibilities are about ____ times that of systemic arteries

A

6

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8
Q

Vascular compliance (capacitance) = ?

A

Increase in volume/ increase in pressure

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9
Q

Capacitance describes what

A

The distensibility of blood vessels

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10
Q

What does Vascular compliance (capacitance) tell us

A

the total quantity of blood (ml) that can be stored in a given portion of the circulation for each mm Hg rise in pressure

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11
Q

Capacitance is inversely proportional to ?

A

Elastance

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12
Q

Compliance is = ?

A

distensibility x volume

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13
Q

Capacitance is directly proportional to ?

A

Volume

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14
Q

Capacitance is inversely proportional to ?

A

Pressure

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15
Q

Capacitance is much greater in ____ than arteries

A

Veins

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16
Q

Capacitance of arteries _______ with age

A

Decreases

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17
Q

The greater the amount of elastic tissue in a blood vessel the ______ the elastance

A

Higher

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18
Q

The greater the amount of elastic tissue in a blood vessel the ______ the compliance

A

Lower

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19
Q

Vascular compliance=

A

total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulatory system

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20
Q

What is compliance

A

is a measure of the ease with which a hollow viscus may be distended

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21
Q

What is Elastance

A

Measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force

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22
Q

A systemic vein is about 8 times as distensible as its corresponding artery and has a volume about 3 times as great. How would its compliance compare to that of a corresponding artery?

A

24

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23
Q

Pulse pressure=

A

Stroke Volume/ Arterial Compliance

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24
Q

What is the most important determinant of pulse pressure?

A

Stroke volume output of the heart

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25
Q

Pulse pressure increases to the same extent as the ________

A

Systolic pressure

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26
Q

Diastolic pressure remains unchanged during ___________

A

Ventricular systole

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27
Q

What are two factors affecting the pulse pressure

A

Stroke volume output of the heart, compliance of the arterial tree

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28
Q

Decreases in compliance (capacitance) (i.e. aging), results in a ______ in pulse pressure

A

increase

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29
Q

Conditions causing abnormal contours of the pressure pulse wave

A

Aortic valve stenosis, Atherosclerosis, Patent ductus arteriosus, Aortic regurgitation

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30
Q

Due to aortic valve stenosis the blood flow into the aorta is

A

diminished

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31
Q

What is aortic stenosis and what is its effect on aortic pressure

A

Stenosis of the aortic valve leading to decrease in aortic pulse pressure

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32
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus

A

Half or more of the cardiac output flows back into the pulmonary artery and lung blood vessels

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33
Q

What are two conditions that case abnormal contours of the pressure pulse wave

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

Aortic regurgitation

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34
Q

In a pt with patent ductus arteriosus what happens to diastolic pressure before the next heartbeat

A

It falls very low

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35
Q

What is aortic regurgitation

A

Blood flows back into left ventricle,

aortic valve is absent or will not close completely

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36
Q

What happens to the aortic pressure between heartbeats in a patient with aortic regurgitation

A

It may fall all the way to 0 between heartbeats

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37
Q

The progressive reduction of the pulsations in the periphery= _______ of the pressure pulses

A

Damping

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38
Q

What is the name of the sounds heard by the stethoscope when checking blood pressure

A

Korotkoff

39
Q

When do you stop hearing sounds when checking blood pressure

A

When the pressure in the cuff is equal to or lower than diastolic pressure

40
Q

Mean arterial pressure is the average _____ pressure with respect to time

A

Arterial

41
Q

why is the mean arterial pressure not simply the average of diastolic and systolic pressures

A

because more of the cardiac cycle is spent in diastole

42
Q

what is the equation for mean arterial pressure

A

mean arterial pressure= diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

43
Q

Central venous pressure is equal to what

A

pressure in the right atrium

44
Q

What are the factors that regulate right atrial pressure

A

Ability of the heart to pump blood out of the right atrium/ventricle
tendency of blood to flow into the right atrium

45
Q

How do you estimate left atrial pressure

A

Use pulmonary wedge pressure:
catheter inserted into the pulmonary artery will make almost direct contact with the pulmonary capillaries. This pressure is almost equal to the left atrial pressure.

46
Q

What are some factors that increase venous return (and increase right atrial pressure)

A

increased blood volume
increased peripheral venous pressures due to increased large vessel tone.
Dilation of the arterioles

47
Q

Do large veins have some resistance

A

yes

48
Q

in a person lying down the pressure in peripheral veins is _______mm Hg greater than the right atrial pressure

A

+4 to +6

49
Q

When intra-abdominal pressure increases, what must happen for the venous blood in the legs to pass the abdomen

A

The venous pressure in the legs must increase above the abdominal pressure before blood can flow from the legs to the heart thought the abdominal veins

50
Q

Where are varicose veins most often present

A

in the superficial veins secondary to valve issues

51
Q

What is the name for the veins that connect the superficial veins to the deep vein

A

perforating veins

52
Q

_______ control blood flow to each tissue

A

Small arterioles

53
Q

______ in tissues control diameters of arterioles

A

local conditions

54
Q

Arterioles are highly ________

A

Muscular

55
Q

Where is the continuous muscular coat of an arteriole lost

A

in the metarterioles

56
Q

______ encircles capillary at point where it originates form a metarteriole

A

Smooth muscle

57
Q

What is the precapillary sphincter

A

Smooth muscle fibers encircle capillary at point where it originates from a metarteriole

58
Q

How many layers is the capillary wall

A

unicellular layer of endothelial cells

59
Q

The capillary wall has a thin what

A

basement membrane

60
Q

what is the total thickness of a capillary wall

A

0.5 micrometers

61
Q

What is the internal capillary diameter

A

4-9 micrometers

62
Q

What are slit pores in a capillary

A

intercellular clefts; spacing of 6-7 micrometers

allow for rapid diffusion of water, water-soluble ions, and small solutes

63
Q

What are the plasmalemmal vesicles of a capillary formed from

A

Caveolins

64
Q

What is the role of plasmalemmal vesicles in a capillary

A

Play a role in endocytosis and transcytosis

65
Q

Name three organs that have capillaries with pores

A

Liver, GI tract, kidneys

66
Q

What is the most important factor in regulating vasomotion

A

Concentration of oxygen in the tissues

67
Q

What is the most important means for the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid

A

Diffusion

68
Q

_____ substances can diffuse readily through the capillary cell membranes: give two examples

A

lipid-soluble, oxygen, and Carbon dioxide

69
Q

Non-lipid-soluble substances diffuse through the

A

intercellular pores/clefts

70
Q

The rate of water diffusion through the capillary membrane is _____ than flow of plasma within the capillary

A

80x faster

71
Q

The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to what

A

Concentration differences of the diffusing substances

72
Q

Passage of substances through the interstitium is mostly via ____ rather than ____

A

diffusion rather than flow.

73
Q

Passage of substances though the interstitium is mostly via diffusion rather than flow because of

A

The large numbers of proteoglycan filaments found in the interstitium

74
Q

_____ that allow fluid flow through the interstitium do sometimes form

A

Rivulets

75
Q

what are rivulets

A

“free” fluid and small free fluid vesicles

means fluid that is free of the proteoglycan molecules ad therefore can flow freeely

76
Q

_____ determine direction of diffusion into or out of a capillary

A

Starling forces

77
Q

What are the 4 starling forces

A

Capillary pressure (outward force)
Interstitial fluid pressure (inward force)
Capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure (inward force)
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (outward force)

78
Q

sum of starling forces equals

A

net filtration pressure

79
Q

Capillary filtration coefficient

A

takes into consideration the number and size of pores

not all capillaries are equal

80
Q

Filtration=

A

Kf (capillary filtration coefficient) x NFP

81
Q

osmotic pressure caused by the plasma proteins is called

A

colloid osmotic pressure

82
Q

When fluid enters the lymphatics, the lymph vessel walls contract momentarily to what

A

pump fluid into the blood circulation

83
Q

When fluid enters the lymphatics, the lymph vessel walls contract momentarily and creates a slight ______ pressure in the interstitial spaces

A

negative

84
Q

What is the mean net outward force

A

0.3

85
Q

The mean forces tend to move fluid

A

Outward

86
Q

The lymph vessels possess ____ valves

A

1-way

87
Q

Lymph flow reaches maximum when

A

interstitial pressure rises slightly above atmospheric pressure

88
Q

What is the capillary pressure (Pc)

A

Tends to force fluid outward through the capillary membrane

89
Q

What is the interstitial pressure (Pif)

A

tends to force fluid inward through the capillary membrane when Pif is positive but outward when Pif is negative

90
Q

What is the capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure

A

tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward through the capillary membrane

91
Q

The interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward through the capillary membrane

92
Q

Factors that increase lymph flow (and also interstitial fluid pressure)

A

Elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure
decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Increased permeability of capillaries

93
Q

Rate of lymph flow =

A

interstitial fluid pressure x activity of lymphatic pump

Physiology I (Exam II material) (9 decks)

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