CIE Topic 4 Flashcards
Healthcare facilities providing a wide range of laboratory procedures which aid the physicians in carrying out the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients.
Clinical Laboratory
3 phases of laboratory testing process
o Pre-analytical
o Analytical
o Post-analytical
What phases of laboratory testing process
Specimen collection and transport
Pre-analytical
What phases of laboratory testing process
Testing
Analytical
What phases of laboratory testing process
Result transmission, interpretation, follow-up, retesting
Post-analytical
o Process or procedure that is performed by the combined activities of Medical Technologist and machine.
o Responsive touch-screen display with icon-based software
o Allows the user to easily navigate through the various different features of the analyzer.
o Features, such as automatic aspiration and automatic flagging of errors, guarantees precision, reliability and accuracy of results.
Semi-automation
Any information technology that is designed to control the work of machines.
Machine Automation
Laboratory automation began in the _________
The first automated instrument was introduced in 1957 - _____________________
1950s
Autoanalyzer I
Following the Autoanalyzer I, instruments like the ________________ and ______________ came after
SMA (Sequential Multiple Analyzer, 1969)
SMAC (Sequential Multiple Analyzer with Computer, 1974)
Types of Automation (4)
o Autoanalyzer (continuous flow analysis or a sequential analysis)
o Closed automation
o Open automation
o Discrete analysis
What type of automation
A continuous flow analysis tests multiple samples at one time, while a sequential analysis tests one sample at a time and are resulted in the order they are tested.
Autoanalyzer (continuous flow analysis or a sequential analysis)
What type of automation
Uses instruments that only work with other pieces of equipment that are manufactured by the same company.
Closed automation
What type of automation
Uses instruments that exist independently of each other and can interface with other pieces of equipment from different manufacturers.
Open automation
What type of automation
Each sample is analyzed in an individualized reaction chamber where reagents are added separately.
Discrete analysis
What type of automation
A dedicated channel is used for each single test.
Single-channel analysis
What type of automation
Several analyses are done at one time using two or more channels for the test.
Multiple-channel analysis
What type of automation
Specimens are tested in or out of the order they are received based on when required channels are available.
Random access analysis
What type of automation
Completes tests where there is a fixed time for the reaction to be finished (end-point test) ,or completes a continuous monitored test where several data results are collected at specific time intervals.
Assays
3 Basic Approaches with Instrument
o Continuous Flow
o Centrifugal Analysis
o Discrete Analysis
- All three can use batch analysis (large number of specimens in one run).
- Discrete analyzers offer random-access, or stat, capabilities.
What Basic Approach with Instrument
o Traditional
o A sample is injected into a flowing carrier solution passing rapidly through small-bore tubing.
o The sample is mixed with a reagent, which reacts with the sample to develop a color and determine the sample concentration.
o The use of carefully controlled flow conditions ensures that the color development reaction is reproducible, so that the color measurement need not wait until the reaction has gone to completion.
o It uses air bubbles at regular intervals serves as separating and cleaning media.
o A heating bath maintains the required temperature of the reaction to allow complete color development — reaction rate is controlled by temperature.
Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA)
What Basic Approach with Instrument
o It uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer and then contain liquids in separate cuvettes for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor.
o Most capable of running multiple samples, one test at a time, in a batch.
o Batch analysis – major advantage
Centrifugal Analysis
What Basic Approach with Instrument
o Widely used
o Developed in 1970
o Each specimen in a batch — separate from every other specimen.
o Keep sample separate throughout the testing process, dispensing precise amounts when required.
o Rotating individual cuvettes through the instrument instead of releasing the sample in a continuous stream cuts down on reagent waste and can produce hundreds of results per h.
Discrete Analysis
What type of Discrete analyzer
initially transfers the sample and reagents to an intermediate reaction cuvette where the color development progress’. Once the sample color has saturated, optical density plateaus in the reaction cuvette, it is pumped through a common flow-through cell, used for all samples where the optical density is measured.
Indirect reading Discrete Analyzer
Discrete Analyzers can be differentiated into 2 formats;
o Direct reading Discrete Analyzer
o Indirect reading Discrete Analyzer
What type of Discrete analyzer
transfers via the robotic arm, the sample and reagents direct to the cuvette where the optical density will be read.
Direct reading Discrete Analyzer
BENEFITS OF INDIRECT READING (2)
o Disposable, single use reaction cuvettes, no clean-up of cuvettes
o Cheaper instrument purchase price
BENEFITS OF INDIRECT READING (5)
o Reaction occurs in the final measuring cuvette, no intermediate reaction cell cost
o Greater accuracy with less transferring of solutions
o Less reactant needed, lower consumable costs
o Faster sample throughput
o No air-bubbles in the measurement cell. Indirect flow through cell can create air bubbles.
o platforms brought electronic data management to the laboratory to manage the workflow and electronic interfaces to the instruments.
o laboratory information systems/laboratory information management systems began to take shape in the 1970s.
o pre- and post-analytic portions of the laboratory workflow.
LIS/LIMS
