CI & Neoplasia Flashcards
5 components of AI vs. CI
AI: local vasculature, formation of fluid and cellular exudate, shorter, reversible
CI: infiltration by mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibroblasts, increased scarring fibrosis, longer, irreversible
5 signs of AI
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
What collagen is laid by fibroblasts vs reticular fibre cells
Type I, Type III
What makes up granulation tissue
fibroblasts + budding capillaries
Three type of tuberculosis
Primary: initial infection
Secondary: reestablishment of active infection after dormancy
Disseminated: infection spread throughout death
What are 3 things that make up the cell wall of mycobacterium
- mycolic acid waxy lipid
- gram positive membrane thick peptidoglycan
- cord factor virulence factor
4 roles of mycolic acid
protection from lysis, slow growth, intracellular growth, resistance to staining and drugs
3 roles of cord factor
inhibits migration of neutrophils, prevents fusion of endosome and lysosome, stimulates granuloma formation via cytokine
mycobacterium induced CI
granulomatous inflammation with granulomas
What are granulomas
first layer: modified secretary macrophages that recruit lymphocytes via cytokines not phagocytotic
second layer: lymphocytes
third layer: fibroblasts lay down collagen that calcify and harden
What pro inflammatory cytokine is specific to granulomas
TNF alpha
What is ESAT6 and what does it do
conserved gene protein that results in immunodominance which leads to a strong immune response
induces TNF alpha and pro inflammatory cytokines which promote formation of granulomas
What is similar and different between langhans and foreign body-type giant cells
Both are formed by the fusion of macrophages
Langhans: nuclei arranged in horseshoe pattern - characteristic of tuberculosis
Body-type giant cells: nuclei evenly scattered throughout cell
What is neoplasia vs neoplasm
autonomous growth and cell proliferation that don’t respond to signals
resultant abnormal mass tumour
What are the 2 groups of neoplasia
Benign: well defined and local growth
Malignant: poorly defined mass and invade and metastasize
What does it mean for a neoplasm to be ectopic
malignant neoplasms secrete hormones and cytokines
How does differentiation differ between benign and malignant neoplasms
Benign are well differentiated but not fully mature
Malignant span the spectrum from well to poorly differentiated
What are 10 aspects that define a malignant colon neoplasm compared to healthy controls
- more nucleus
- more round cells and nucleus
- less mucus
- more cells
- less tight junctions
- less polarity
- more dark staining
- less layers
- more mitotic figures
- greater nucleus: cytoplasm ratio
What are 4 types of bronchogenic carcinomas
- squamous cell
- adenocarcinomas
- small cell
- bronchioloalveolar cell
Carcinoma vs sarcoma
Carcinoma: epithelial neoplasm grow in sheets or clusters with close cell-cell associations, harder nodular lump
Sarcoma: connective tissue neoplasm separation of cells, soft and fleshy
What is ischemic necrosis
pattern of cell death due to low oxygen diffusion to cells - more common in carcinomas due to cell clump growth
What are 3 parts of chemical carcinogenesis
- inititiation - biochemical alteration of DNA
- promotion - 1 round of cell division if not fixed by DNA repair can fix mutation
- tumour progression - clones, diff genes involved, resistance, neoplasm occurs at some point
What is metaplasia
change in cell type - change in function
What is dysplasia
Change in size, shape, and maturation of cell
