CI & Neoplasia

Question 1

5 components of AI vs. CI

Answer 1

AI: local vasculature, formation of fluid and cellular exudate, shorter, reversible

CI: infiltration by mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibroblasts, increased scarring fibrosis, longer, irreversible

Question 2

5 signs of AI

Answer 2

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 3

What collagen is laid by fibroblasts vs reticular fibre cells

Answer 3

Type I, Type III

Question 4

What makes up granulation tissue

Answer 4

fibroblasts + budding capillaries

Question 5

Three type of tuberculosis

Answer 5

Primary: initial infection

Secondary: reestablishment of active infection after dormancy

Disseminated: infection spread throughout death

Question 6

What are 3 things that make up the cell wall of mycobacterium

Answer 6

1. mycolic acid waxy lipid
2. gram positive membrane thick peptidoglycan
3. cord factor virulence factor

Question 7

4 roles of mycolic acid

Answer 7

protection from lysis, slow growth, intracellular growth, resistance to staining and drugs

Question 8

3 roles of cord factor

Answer 8

inhibits migration of neutrophils, prevents fusion of endosome and lysosome, stimulates granuloma formation via cytokine

Question 9

mycobacterium induced CI

Answer 9

granulomatous inflammation with granulomas

Question 10

What are granulomas

Answer 10

first layer: modified secretary macrophages that recruit lymphocytes via cytokines not phagocytotic

second layer: lymphocytes

third layer: fibroblasts lay down collagen that calcify and harden

Question 11

What pro inflammatory cytokine is specific to granulomas

Answer 11

TNF alpha

Question 12

What is ESAT6 and what does it do

Answer 12

conserved gene protein that results in immunodominance which leads to a strong immune response

induces TNF alpha and pro inflammatory cytokines which promote formation of granulomas

Question 13

What is similar and different between langhans and foreign body-type giant cells

Answer 13

Both are formed by the fusion of macrophages

Langhans: nuclei arranged in horseshoe pattern - characteristic of tuberculosis

Body-type giant cells: nuclei evenly scattered throughout cell

Question 14

What is neoplasia vs neoplasm

Answer 14

autonomous growth and cell proliferation that don’t respond to signals

resultant abnormal mass tumour

Question 15

What are the 2 groups of neoplasia

Answer 15

Benign: well defined and local growth

Malignant: poorly defined mass and invade and metastasize

Question 16

What does it mean for a neoplasm to be ectopic

Answer 16

malignant neoplasms secrete hormones and cytokines

Question 17

How does differentiation differ between benign and malignant neoplasms

Answer 17

Benign are well differentiated but not fully mature

Malignant span the spectrum from well to poorly differentiated

Question 18

What are 10 aspects that define a malignant colon neoplasm compared to healthy controls

Answer 18

1. more nucleus
2. more round cells and nucleus
3. less mucus
4. more cells
5. less tight junctions
6. less polarity
7. more dark staining
8. less layers
9. more mitotic figures
10. greater nucleus: cytoplasm ratio

Question 19

What are 4 types of bronchogenic carcinomas

Answer 19

1. squamous cell
2. adenocarcinomas
3. small cell
4. bronchioloalveolar cell

Question 20

Carcinoma vs sarcoma

Answer 20

Carcinoma: epithelial neoplasm grow in sheets or clusters with close cell-cell associations, harder nodular lump

Sarcoma: connective tissue neoplasm separation of cells, soft and fleshy

Question 21

What is ischemic necrosis

Answer 21

pattern of cell death due to low oxygen diffusion to cells - more common in carcinomas due to cell clump growth

Question 22

What are 3 parts of chemical carcinogenesis

Answer 22

1. inititiation - biochemical alteration of DNA
2. promotion - 1 round of cell division if not fixed by DNA repair can fix mutation
3. tumour progression - clones, diff genes involved, resistance, neoplasm occurs at some point

Question 23

What is metaplasia

Answer 23

change in cell type - change in function

Question 24

What is dysplasia

Answer 24

Change in size, shape, and maturation of cell

Question 25

What is hyperplasia

Answer 25

increase in cell number

Question 26

What are 6 things needed for an invasive cancer

Answer 26

1. proliferative growth signals
2. evade growth suppressors
3. Resist cell death/apoptosis
4. induce angiogenesis
5. replicative immortality
6. invasion and metastasis

Question 27

What is the main feature of adenocarcinomas

Answer 27

Glandular acinar pattern with acinar filled with mucous