chronic kidney disease and kidney failure (W3) Flashcards

1
Q

azotemia

A

symptoms of build-up of toxins because of decreased of kidney function

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2
Q

oliguria

A

decrease of urine output, < 400 ml/24 hours

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3
Q

proteinuria

A

protein in urine because of damage to gomerulus

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4
Q

GFR

A

amount of blood filtered by glomerulus

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5
Q

function of kidneys

A

maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, rid body of water-soluble waste via urine

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6
Q

3 important endocrine functions of the kidney

A
  1. produce erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production
  2. activates vitamin D- think bones
  3. produces renin, which helps regulate BP
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7
Q

lab values

A

BUN 10-20 mg/dL
creatinine 0.5-1.2 mg/dL
BUN and creatinine should have 10:1 ratio
GFR < 90 mL/min

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8
Q

what is CKD?

A

presences of kidney damage for more than 3 months with or without GFR of <60

inability to: maintain acid-base balance, removed end products of metabolism, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

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9
Q

stages of CKD

A

1- kidney damage with normal or increased GFR (GFR > 90)
2. kidney damage with mild decreases in GFR (GFR 60-89)
3. moderate decrease in GFR (GFR 30-59)
4. severe decrease in GFR (12-29)
5. ESRD (GFR <15)

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10
Q

causes of ESRD

A

diabetes
hypertension
glomerulonephritis
other

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11
Q

RF for CKD

A

family history of CKD, vascular problems, diabetes
> 60 yo
men
african american
smoking
obese
htn
dm

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12
Q

pathogenesis of CKD

A
  1. glomerulosclerosis AKA scar tissue
  2. interstitial fibrosis
  3. interstitial inflammation
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13
Q

what plays a major role in the process?

A

complement, inflammatory process which results in destruction
increase of angiotensin 2, increase BP

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14
Q

manifestations of CKD

A

1- asymptomatic
2- asymptomatic/htn
3. htn/otherwise asymptomatic
4. manifestations aparent, diagnosis here!
5. uremia, kidneys no longer functioning, GFR <15

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15
Q

uremia

A

retention of metabolic waste, not voiding
back up of: urea, creatinine, phenols, hormones, electrolytes, water

SEEN WITH GFR < 10 mL/min

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16
Q

clinical manifestations of ESRD

A

effects basically every system

17
Q

ESRD and clinical manifestations

A

kidney no longer maintains F/E homeostasis
no longer rids the body of wastes via urine
decreased production of erythropoietin
decreased vitamin D

18
Q

kidney no longer maintains F/E homeostasis

A

causes edema, hyperphos/mag/k, metabolic acidosis

19
Q

no longer rids the body of wastes via urine

A

anorexia, malnutrition, itching, CNS changes

20
Q

decreased production of erythopoietin

A

anemia

21
Q

decreased vitamin D

A

renal osteodystrophy, weakening of the bones

22
Q

uremic frost

A

itchy/white
caused by high concentration of metabolic waste

23
Q

pharm can be used to…

A

slow the rate of progression of CKD
1. reduce BP less than 140/90
2. treat hyperlipidemia, goal to have cholesterol < 200

treat complications
1. volume OL
2. hyperkalemia
3. metabolic acidosis
4. hyperphosphatemia
5. renal osteodystrophy
6. anemia

24
Q

treating metabolic acidosis

A

sodium bicarb
po
goal to slow progression, prevent bone loss, improve nutritional status
administer when bicard is < 15 mEq/mL
AE: bloating- switch to sodium citrate

25
Q

treating hyperphosphatemia

A

calcium carbonate
MOA: binds to phosphate
goal: keep levels normal and decrease mortality
education: take with meals
AE: hypercalcemia (monitor)
take as prescribed!

26
Q

treating renal osteodystrophy

A

calcitriol
MOA: an active form of vitamin D, stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium/phosphate/bone mineralization
AE: hypercalcemia/hyperphosphatemia
signs of calcium toxicity: GI upset/bone pain/neuro effects/cardiac arrhythmias

27
Q

complications of drug therapy

A

many drugs are excreted through the kidneys
renally dose
drugs of concern: diabetic agents, AB like vancomyocin, opiods like morphine, digoxin