Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 1

Define CKD

Answer 1

Progressive impaired renal function defined by kidney damage (haematuria/proteinuria) or
a reduction in GFR <60ml/min/1.73m2
for 3 months

Question 2

What are the causes/risk factors of CKD?

Answer 2

• Diabetes mellitus (40%)
• Hypertension (33%)
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Nephritic syndrome
• Obstructive uropathy
• Genetic e.g. PKD

Risk Factors
• Age >50 years
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Family history of CKD

Question 3

What are the symptoms of CKD?

Answer 3

• Fatigue
• Oedema
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Pruritus
• Anorexia
• Foamy urine

Pulmonary oedema
• SOB
• Orthopnoea

Question 4

What are the signs of CKD?

Answer 4

• Kussmaul’s breathing
• Excoriation marks
• Peripheral oedema
• Signs of anaemia
• Retinopathy (diabetic or hypertensive)

Question 5

What investigations are carried out for CKD?

Answer 5

• Bloods
- FBC – normocytic normochromic anaemia
- U&Es – urea, Cr, eGFR, low calcium, high phosphate, high ALP, PTH
• Urinalysis – haematuria, proteinuria, microalbuminuria
• Renal USS – small, large, stones
• Renal biopsy
• Abdominal CT/MRI – stones, masses, cysts