Bladder Cancer Flashcards
1
Q
Define bladder cancer
A
Malignancy of the bladder
90% are uroepithelial (transitional cell carcinoma)
2
Q
What are the causes/risk factors of bladder cancer?
A
- Increasing age
- Smoking
- Aromatic amines e.g. rubber an dye industries
- Schistosomiasis
- Family history
3
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of bladder cancer?
A
- Painless gross haematuria
- Frequency
- Urgency
- Dysuria
- Pelvic or bony pain
- Peripheral oedema
no signs
4
Q
What investigations are carried out for bladder cancer?
A
• Urinalysis - haematuria
- Pyuria may be present, causing confusion with UTIs.
• Urine Cytology -positive in 90% of cases.
• Cystoscopy - allows visualisation of the tumour, biopsy or removal (Gold Standard )
• USS (IVU) - to assess upper and lower urinary tract, as tumours can be multifocal
• CT or MRI scan - for staging.
