Chronic kidney disease

Question 1

Other than diabetes, what are the potential causes of CKD?

Answer 1

Hypertension
PCKD
Glomerulonephritis
Obstructive disease

Question 2

Describe the management of CKD?

Answer 2

ACEi/ARB or CCB second line
SGLT2 inhibitor
Statin
Glycemic control
Lifestyle changes e.g. smoking cessation, weight loss
EPO stimulant if anaemic
Renal replacement therapy (dialysis, transplant) in severe, end stage disease

Question 3

CKD is usually asymptomatic. However, what are the potential symptoms of CKD?

Answer 3

Malaise
Fatigue
Anaemia and its symptoms
Pruritus
Restless legs
Fluid overload -> peripheral oedema
Hypertension
Nausea and vomiting
Anorexia

Question 4

Explain the difference between haemodialysis and haemofiltration

Answer 4

Haemodialysis is driven by diffusion which removes solutes from the high concentration plasma to the low concentration diasylate
Haemofiltration works by convection to push water and solutes across a semipermeable membreane

Question 5

What are the potential complications of CKD?

Answer 5

Anaemia
Hyperkalaemia
CV disease
Renal osteodystrophy
Protein malnurition
Pulmonary oedema