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ACE ® Health Coach > Chronic Diseases and Comorbid Conditions: Additional Diseases, Conditions, and Considerations > Flashcards

Chronic Diseases and Comorbid Conditions: Additional Diseases, Conditions, and Considerations Flashcards

Upon completion of this deck, the learner will be able to identify, discuss, and explain strategies for managing and preventing dyslipidemia, cancer, osteoporosis, low back pain, and bone health.

1
Q

In the population with a genetic predisposition to high cholesterol, what could make the problems worse?

A

Sedentary lifestyle

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2
Q

What is an optimal LDL level?

A

Below 100mg/dL

Having a LDL level between 100 and 129mg/dL is considered healthy and near-optimal.

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3
Q

Why is exercise beneficial to cancer patients’ immune systems?

A

Physical activity can improve immune function which may help prevent other conditions while the client is undergoing treatment

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4
Q

Many people with high cholesterol also have what other considerations which may alter the way they can exercise?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes

If the client does not have any other conditions, exercise recommendations remain the same as they are for the healthy population. If another condition is noted, that condition’s exercise modifications should be used.

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5
Q

What macronutrients may be beneficial to people with arthritis?

A
  • Omega 3 fatty acids
  • Antioxidants
  • Phytochemicals
  • Mediterranean style eating
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6
Q

What kinds of exercises are safe and beneficial for people with arthritis?

A

Low impact exercises using a limited range of motion at the affected joints.

Exercising in water may help symptoms.

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7
Q

High cholesterol and high triglycerides have been associated with what other health conditions?

A
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Endothelial dysfunction
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8
Q

Why do you need cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is used for transportation in the human body. It is also essential for the production of hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids that assist with digestion.

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9
Q

Define

Osteoporosis

A

Low bone mass index and disrupted microarchitecture of the skeletal system.

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10
Q

What are some nutrition guidelines for managing high cholesterol?

A
  • Consume vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, low-fat dairy, fish, poultry, legumes, nontropical oils, and nuts
  • Limit sweets and red meats
  • Aim for 5-6% calories from saturated fat
  • Eliminate trans fats and partially hydrogenated oils.
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11
Q

What are some exercise considerations for clients with low back pain?

A
  • Prevent deconditioning of the muscles surrounding the spine
  • Avoid painful range of motion
  • Choose low or non-impact activities such as walking or biking
  • Focus on core function and functional movements
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12
Q

Why is social support crucial to cancer care?

A

Social support has an impact on physical and emotional wellbeing among patients.

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13
Q

What causes osteoarthritis?

A

Overuse, trauma, obesity, or degeneration of the joint cartilage that occurs with age.

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14
Q

Will weight loss help osteoarthritis?

A

Yes.

Weight loss can prevent the onset of OA, improve function, and increase the quality of life.

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15
Q

Where are the most common bone fracture locations, especially in people with osteoporosis?

A
  • Hip
  • Spine
  • Wrist
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16
Q

Define

Dyslipidemia

A

High cholesterol

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17
Q

What are some factors that can cause high cholesterol?

A
  • Genetics
  • Sex
  • Age
  • Body-fat distribution
  • Smoking
  • Medications
  • Dietary habits
  • Physical activity
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18
Q

Who is more at risk for developing cancer, men or women?

A

Men.

41 out of 100 men develop cancer while 38 out of 100 women do.

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19
Q

What are the three phases of cancer survivorship?

A
  1. Treatment and recovery
  2. Living after recovery, including survivors who are disease-free or are living with a stable condition
  3. Advanced cancer and end of life.
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20
Q

What are the goals of an exercise program for those with osteoporosis?

A
  • Retain or prevent bone mineral loss
  • Decrease the risk of fractures and falls

Weight-bearing exercise such as weight training, walking, or running has been shown to increase bone mineral density.

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21
Q

Can a health coach communicate with a client’s healthcare team directly?

A

Yes, if permission is granted by the client.

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22
Q

30% of deaths from cancer are a result of what five risks?

A
  1. High BMI
  2. Low consumption of fruit and vegetables
  3. Physical inactivity
  4. Tobacco use
  5. Alcohol intake
23
Q

What are the main sources of vitamin D?

A
  • Sunlight
  • Supplements
  • Fortified products such as milk, egg yolk, and fatty fish

Sunlight-related production of vitamin D accounts for 90% of vitamin D found in healthy individuals.

24
Q

Normal triglyceride levels are below what?

A

Below 150mg/dL

Triglyceride levels of 150-199mg/dL are considered borderline high; 200-499 is considered high; greater than 500 is very high.

25
Q

What is very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) responsible for?

A

Carrying triglycerides

VLDL makes up about 15% of total cholesterol.

26
Q

A desirable total cholesterol level is what?

A

Below 200mg/dL

27
Q

Should a health coach write a workout for a person with high cholesterol?

A

No, unless the health coach is also a fitness professional.

People with high cholesterol should be referred to an exercise specialist who will determine if a medical clearance is needed and then help them with an exercise regimen.

28
Q

What is the most common type of cholesterol in the body?

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

LDL makes up between 60 and 70% of cholesterol levels. LDL is considered the ‘bad’ cholesterol because it causes atherogenesis when there is too much of it.

29
Q

What are possible treatment options for osteoarthritis?

A
  • Medication
  • Physical or occupational therapy
  • Surgery
30
Q

True or False

Having high levels of HDL is a good thing.

A

True.

Having high HDL levels are inversely correlated with coronary artery disease (CAD), meaning the higher HDL levels are, the lower risk of developing CAD is.

31
Q

What are some evidence-informed actions people with cancer can take to promote health?

A
  • Aim for a healthy weight, limit consumption of calorie-dense foods, and increase physical activity
  • Participate in at least 150 minutes per week of activity plus strength train at least 2 days per week
  • Follow the American Cancer Society Guidelines for Nutrition and Physical Activity
32
Q

Exercise has been shown to do what to LDL and HDL levels?

A

Lower LDL and raise HDL

Changes in cholesterol levels are most profound in clients using exercise as a means of losing body fat.

33
Q

An estimated ____% of the population has high cholesterol.

A

12%

34
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Damage to the DNA of normal cells which produces mutations that affect the normal process of cell growth and division.

35
Q

Which populations are at higher risk for osteoporosis?

A
  • Those with underlying health conditions such as autoimmune, hematologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and neurologic disorders
  • Genetics
  • Older age
  • Postmenopausal women
  • Hormone medications
36
Q

What mg/dL is considered high LDL?

A

Above 160mg/dL

160-189 is considered high LDL. LDL above 190 is considered very high.

37
Q

Define

Osteopenia

A

The bone density between 1 and 2.5 standard deviations below the mean.

Individuals with osteopenia are at higher risk for fractures and further bone deterioration. Osteopenia, if not corrected, leads to osteoporosis.

38
Q

What are the benefits of exercising with cancer?

A
  • Preservation of lean body mass
  • Increase muscular strength and endurance
  • Improve balance and overall physical function
  • Reduce fatigue, nausea, anxiety, and depression
  • Decreased risk for heart disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes
39
Q

What are some diet considerations for those with osteoporosis?

A
  • Adequate calcium and vitamin D
  • Calcium intake should be 1,200mg/day for those at higher risk for osteoporosis
  • Vitamin D intake should be 800-1,000IU/day
  • Dietary supplements if the diet is insufficient
40
Q

Define

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

An autoimmune disease characterized by swelling, pain, and stiffness at a joint that can cause motion impairment.

41
Q

What are the goals of an exercise program for a client with arthritis?

A
  • Improve cardiovascular function
  • Lower CAD risks
  • Increase muscular endurance and strength
  • Maintain or improve range of motion and flexibility around the affected joint
42
Q

What populations are most at risk for a vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • People 60 or older
  • People who avoid the sun or constantly use sunscreen
  • Have a condition or take medication that affects vitamin D (such as glucocorticoids, anti-seizure, or AIDS medications)
  • Have very dark skin
  • Have obesity
43
Q

What is the most common kind of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

44
Q

What are the goals of exercise for patients with cancer?

A
  • Maintain and improve cardiovascular function
  • Prevent musculoskeletal deterioration
  • Reduce symptoms of treatment such as nausea and fatigue
  • Improve mental health outlook
45
Q

What are the overall goals of nutritional care for patients with cancer?

A
  • Prevent or resolve nutrient deficiencies
  • Achieve or maintain a healthy weight
  • Preserve lean body mass
  • Minimize nutrition-related side effects
  • Maximize quality of life
46
Q

What are malignant tumors?

A

Tumors that spread to other nearby tissues.

Malignant tumors can also metastasize, meaning parts of the original tumor break off and travel in the blood or lymph vessels and invade other organs.

47
Q

What are some exercise considerations for people with osteoporosis?

A
  • Avoid excessive forward flexion, twisting, and compression of the spine
  • Engage in weight-bearing activity
  • Incorporate activities that work on balance
  • Avoid movements or environments that could result in a fall.
48
Q

What is the good kind of cholesterol?

A

High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

HDL’s are responsible for moving other cholesterol around the body.

49
Q

What does the American Cancer Society Guidelines for Nutrition and Physical Activity recommend for nutrition?

A
  • Limit processed and red meat
  • Consume 2.5 cups of vegetables and fruits daily
  • Choose whole grains
  • If alcohol is consumed, limit consumption to no more than 1 drink per day for women and no more than 2 drinks per day for men.
50
Q

What % of people experience low back pain?

A

80%

51
Q

What level of HDL is considered good?

A

Above 60mg/dL

52
Q

Define

Osteoarthritis

A

Damage to a joint usually due to one or more of the following:

  • Age
  • Sex
  • Body-weight
  • Overuse of a joint

Osteoarthritis is more common in older, overweight women than men and usually affects a joint that has been used regularly due to daily needs or for careers.

53
Q

What are the most common causes of lower back pain?

A
  • Trauma (such as injury, car accident, or improper bending or reaching)
  • Spinal degradation due to age
54
Q

What are some special exercise recommendations for those with arthritis?

A
  • Vigerous activity should be avoided during flareups.
  • Clients should be informed that a small amount of discomfort does not mean further joint damage is occurring however, pain lasting 2 hours after exercise indicates the need to lower the intensity or duration of the exercise.
  • Choose exercises that do not exacerbate pain
  • Encourage exercise at the least painful time of day
  • Wear shoes with good shock absorption

ACE ® Health Coach (18 decks)

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