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ACE ® Health Coach > Chronic Diseases and Comorbid Conditions: Diabetes > Flashcards

Chronic Diseases and Comorbid Conditions: Diabetes Flashcards

Upon completion of this deck, the learner will be able to list the different types of diabetes and discuss the risk factors for each, identify diagnostic criteria for the different levels of diabetes, list and discuss treatment strategies for diabetes and explain how lifestyle change can impact the prevention and management of diabetes.

1
Q

What hormone is antagonistic to insulin?

A

Glucagon

Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are too low by the alpha cells of the pancreas.

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2
Q

Gestational diabetes is suspected when fasting plasma glucose levels are above ____.

A

92 mg/dL

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3
Q

Will oral medications control type 1 diabetes?

A

Usually not.

Type 1 diabetics almost always have to self-inject insulin at some point in their lives as oral medications are rarely enough to combat their loss of beta-cell function.

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4
Q

Approximately ____% of adults living with diabetes do not know they have the condition.

A

25%

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5
Q

In a person without diabetes, what hormone will be released in response to elevated blood sugar levels?

A

Insulin.

Insulin is used to lower blood glucose levels.

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6
Q

Oral medications used to control diabetes often target what organ(s)?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Stomach and Intestines
  • Kidney
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7
Q

What common diabetic medications could alter exercise responses?

A

Any medication that causes insulin to be released.

These medications include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, and incretins.

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8
Q

True or False

Eating too much sugar and having an unhealthy lifestyle during pregnancy causes gestational diabetes.

A

False.

A woman cannot control if they develop gestational diabetes or not. It is caused by an interaction of the hormones coming from the placenta and the body.

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9
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 2 diabetes occurs when there is too much sugar in the body and the beta cells cannot keep up with the demand.

Over time, this leads to insulin sensitivity where the insulin their body does create does not open cells to glucose, therefore the need to inject insulin.

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10
Q

What kind of cells release insulin?

A

Beta cells.

Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin when blood glucose levels rise above their normal threshold.

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11
Q

Why is footwear extremely important in people with diabetes?

A

Neuropathy (or damage to the nerves in the lower body) can make blisters or other foot ailments due to poor footwear and foot hygiene not noticible.

Eventually, if left untreated, these blisters and other foot problems could become infected.

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12
Q

What are the three main kinds of diabetes?

A
  • Type 1
  • Type 2
  • Gestational
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13
Q

A checkup or graded exercise stress test may be necessary prior to exercise if someone is:

A
  • Currently sedentary
  • Planning to participate in vigorous activities
  • Over 40 years old
  • Over 30 years old with diabetes for over 10 years, have heart disease or high cholesterol, have poor circulation in the lower body, have other diabetic conditions such as eye disease or kidney disease, are inconsistent with blood glucose management, or have any concerns about exercise
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14
Q

True or False

Mental health issues are more common in diabetics.

A

True.

Depression affects one in every four people with diabetes.

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15
Q

What is the most common complication associated with uncontrolled diabetes?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy is a condition where the nerves in the lower limbs do not function appropriately leading to loss of sensation in the feet, undetected ulcers, and lower-limb amputations.

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16
Q

People with diabetes will have a fasting plasma glucose reading of what?

A

126mg/dL or greater

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17
Q

What causes prediabetes?

A

Relative insulin resistance in the muscles

Prediabetes is usually caused by lifestyle choices and can be corrected.

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18
Q

Poorly managed diabetes has the ability to affect what organs of the body?

A

All of them.

The organs usually most affected include the heart, blood vessels, brain, kidneys, eyes, feet, and nerves.

19
Q

What is A1C?

A

A1C indicates the average blood glucose levels over the past two or three months.

The higher blood glucose has been, the higher A1C will be.

20
Q

True or False

Only adults can be diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.

A

False.

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can be diagnosed at any age. While it used to be more common for children to only be diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, more children and preteens have been developing type 2 diabetes due to inactivity and poor lifestyle choices imposed on them by school staff and parents or guardians.

21
Q

People with diabetes will have an A1C percentage of ____%.

A

6.5% or greater.

22
Q

What five hormones are used to maintain blood glucose levels during times of fasting, during exercise, or in response to hypoglycemia?

A
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Growth hormone
  • Cortisol
23
Q

What is the primary sugar in the body that fuels the production of energy?

A

Glucose

24
Q

Who can get gestational diabetes?

A

Any woman who is between 18 and 20 weeks pregnant.

Gestational diabetes can only occur in pregnancy after the placenta is fully operational (around 18 to 20 weeks). Once a woman gives birth, they are no longer considered diabetic but will be monitored for type 2 diabetes more closely in the future.

25
Q

True or False

If an expected mother is a gestational diabetic they will have a large child at birth.

A

False.

Uncontrolled gestational diabetes can lead to increased birth weight (over 9 lbs) making birth difficult. However, if gestational diabetes is controlled, most babies are born at normal gestation and normal birth weight.

26
Q

What food group is most important to consider in order to reduce systemic inflammation?

A

Fiber

27
Q

What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?

A
  • Potatoes
  • White bread
  • Pasta
  • Rice
28
Q

What is the most commonly prescribed diabetes medication?

A

Biguanides such as Metformin

Biguanides decrease liver glucose output and increase insulin sensitivity.

29
Q

What is more important in diabetic clients exercise wise - aerobics, resistance training, or flexibility.

A

Resistance and Aerobics.

Aerobic exercise will help with insulin sensitivity and will decrease the chance of cardiac events and resistance exercise at least 2 days per week will help lower blood glucose. Flexibility has no direct correlation to insulin or blood glucose, however, flexibility is useful to break up sedentary periods.

30
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks and kills the beta cells in the pancreas.

Without beta cells, the body cannot produce insulin therefore glucose can never enter the cells. People with type 1 diabetes either inject insulin or are on an insulin pump.

31
Q

In non-diabetic people, insulin will bind to cells and what will happen?

A

Glucose will enter the cell.

The glucose that is taken in by the cells is either used to make energy or is stored for future use.

32
Q

Will exercise help diabetic patients, even if no weight loss occurs?

A

Yes.

Exercise has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and make insulin (that is either natural or injected) more effective.

33
Q

What will spike blood sugars immediately after eating, simple or complex carbohydrates?

A

Simple.

Simple carbohydrates digest quickly and therefore make blood sugar spike. Complex carbohydrates take longer to be broken down and therefore are released more slowly.

34
Q

Glucose primarily comes from what macroneutrient?

A

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates include grains, fruits, and vegetables.

35
Q

True or False

If you need to take insulin to control your diabetes, you have a worse case than someone else.

A

False.

The need for insulin is multifaceted. While some people require it, others will not. That does not make one case more life-threatening than another.

36
Q

How many minutes of physical activity at moderate intensity is recommended for those with diabetes?

A

150 minutes per week

37
Q

True or False

Losing 10lbs can help people with diabetes manage their condition.

A

True.

Losing 10lbs will improve insulin sensitivity, lower inflammation, reduce A1C, increase HDL, lower LDL, improve metabolic efficiency, and has a high chance of correcting prediabetes.

38
Q

How many days per week should an individual with diabetes exercise?

A

5-7 days per week

As a health coach, it is important that your client avoid missing more than 2 days in a row without exercise for proper blood glucose management.

39
Q

People will be diagnosed with diabetes if their blood glucose is above what level after the 2-hour glucose tolerance test?

A

Type 1 or Type 2 - greater than 200mg/dL

Gestational - greater than 153mg/dL

A glucose tolerance test is usually performed at a doctor’s office in which an individual has 5 minutes to drink a high glucose drink. Blood is collected before and 2 hours after the test. If the glucose reading after the test is greater than the cut-off the person is usually diagnosed with diabetes.

40
Q

What macronutrient is most important to track while diabetic?

A

Carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates are broken down directly into glucose. It is recommended to check blood glucose levels before and after eating to see how different foods affect sugar levels.

41
Q

What are some warning signs someone has diabetes?

A
  • Increased thirst
  • Excessive urination
  • Unusual fatigue
  • Blurred vision
  • Unexplained hunger
  • Rapid weight changes
  • Slow-healing cuts and infections
42
Q

Is exercise safe for people with diabetes?

A

Yes, assuming medication concerns have been addressed.

As long as the individual with diabetes and the exercise professional check for signs of hyper or hypoglycemia, as blood glucose levels can fluctuate during exercise, exercise is safe and recommended.

43
Q

What is the most common kind of diabetes?

A

Type 2

Over 90% of diabetes is caused by type 2 diabetes.

44
Q

What is the stored form of glucose called?

A

Glycogen

Glycogen can be stored in muscle cells or the liver. Glycogen is used to make energy in the future.

ACE ® Health Coach (18 decks)

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