Chronic Disease and Diabetes

Question 1

Type II Diabetes

Answer 1

(more common, 90-95% of diabetic patients)
- DECREASED sensitivity to insulin or decreased amount of insulin production
- occurs more frequently in people older than 30

Question 2

Diabetes risk factors

Answer 2

• ethnicity (Caucasians more prone to Type 1 DM and Indigenous, Hispanic, African American people more prone to Type 2 DM)
• aging
• high BP
• Hx in 1st degree relative
• obesity
• low birthweight
• high cholesterol

Question 3

Clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

Answer 3

hypoglycemia
- diaphoresis (sweating)
- weakness/fatigue
- tremors/shaking
- blurred/double vision
- confusion/headache
- irritability/hunger
- Pallor
- Incoherent speech

hyperglycemia
- thirst
- frequent urination
- abdominal cramping
- lethargy
- anorexia, N/V
- signs of dehydration
- fruity breath (if ketotic)
- Kussmaul breathing (fast, deep breaths)

Question 4

Type I Diabetes

Answer 4

(not as common, 5-10% of diabetic patients)
- beta cells of the pancreas that normally produce insulin are UNABLE TO PRODUCE it by an autoimmune process
- typically diagnosed before 30

Question 5

Cancer overview (types of tumours)

Answer 5

• Types of tumours: Benign (non-cancerous), malignant (cancerous - spreads to other parts of the body)

Question 6

Cancer treatment options for OA

Answer 6

• surgery
• chemotherapy (drugs to destroy cancer cells, but they can also affect healthy cells that grow rapidly)
• radiation therapy (makes small breaks in the DNA inside cells,
• immunotherapy
• targeted drug therapy

Question 7

Cancer screening options for OA

Answer 7

• fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or fecal immunochemical test (FIT) if no risk of colorectal cancer
• sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy for positive FOB or positive hx of colorectal cancer Q 5 years from 50-75

Men specific: digital rectal exam (DRE) annually
Women specific: PAP smear, pelvic exams annually until 3 consecutive negatives. Mammogram Q 2-3 years from 50-74

Question 8

Type II Diabetes

Answer 8

• DECREASED sensitivity to insulin or decreased amount of insulin production

Question 9

Palliative care

Answer 9

provision of holistic care to patients experiencing incurable health states