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Biology - Unit 4 > Chromosomes & Genomes > Flashcards

Chromosomes & Genomes Flashcards

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0
Q

What do DNA wrap around and form when making chromosomes?

A

His tone protein and it forms a nucleosome

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1
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Thread-like structures composed of DNA and protein, and visible in the cells during mitosis and meiosis

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2
Q

A cell with one set of chromosomes are…

A

…haploid

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3
Q

A cell with two sets of chromosomes are…

A

…diploid

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4
Q

A cell with many sets of chromosomes are…

A

…polyploid

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5
Q

What is the short arm of a chromosome called?

A

p (petite)

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6
Q

What is the long part of the chromosome called?

A

q

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7
Q

What are the short and long arm held together by?

A

Centromeres

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8
Q

Do every chromosome have the same size and shape?

A

No, no two non- homologous chromosomes have the same size or shape

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9
Q

Name three chromosomal changes that can occur.

A

Duplication
Deletion
Inversion

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10
Q

What happens in a duplication chromosomal change?

A

Part of the chromosome is repeated

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11
Q

What happens during a deletion chromosomal change?

A

Part of the chromosome is deleted

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12
Q

When does the chromosomal changes of deletion and duplication occur?

A

Cross-over in mitosis (Prophase 1)

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13
Q

What happens in a inversion chromosomal change?

A

Reverses part of the chromosome

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14
Q

What is translocation?

A

When part of a chromosome is transferred to another

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15
Q

What is non-reciprocal translocation?

A

Result in one chromosome with a deletion and the other with an addition

16
Q

What is reciprocal translocation?

A

When a part of a chromosome is added to another but the original chromosome isn’t changed

17
Q

What is it called when a whole chromosome arm is translocated?

A

Robertsonian Translocation

18
Q

Why do humans have one less chromosome than the rest of the great apes?

A

Due to a translocation of two chromosomes during the evolutionary history of humans AFTER they diverged from their last common ancestor with the chimps

19
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Karyotypes are the conventional way of organising chromosomes to assist in analysis

20
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosome pairs are identified by size and the location of their centromere!

21
Q

How are homologous chromosomes identified?

A

Same size, shape and banding pattern

22
Q

What does the karyotype of humans consist of?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes.
22 pairs of homologous autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes

23
Q

What is trisomy?

A

When you have three chromosomes instead of the normal two

24
Q

What is monosomy?

A

When you have one chromosome instead of the normal two.

25
Q

How does trisomy occur?

A

Results in one gamete having two copies of a chromosome, and one gamete having no copies of the chromosome

26
Q

How many sex chromosomes are there?

A

2
X Chromosome
Y Chromosome

27
Q

What determines a male?

A

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome

28
Q

What is a genome?

A

All of the genetic information (the base pairs) found in one complete set of an organisms chromosomes.

29
Q

Can there only be one genome?

A

No, mitochondria and chloroplast have set of chromosomes too.
There can be mitochondrial genome and chloroplast genome

30
Q

The study of genomes is called?

A

Genomics

31
Q

Does the size of a genome determine the complexity of an organism?

A

No it does not

32
Q

What is so important about genomes?

A

The power of genomes comes from comparing the similarities and differences in the genomes of different species

33
Q

What is the study of comparing genomes?

A

Comparative genomics

34
Q

How can comparative genomics be useful?

A

Comparative genomics is a useful tool in studying evolutionary relationships between different organisms

Biology - Unit 4 (21 decks)

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