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Meharry Bio > Chromosomes, Chromatin Structure etc. Bl. 2, Class 2 > Flashcards

Chromosomes, Chromatin Structure etc. Bl. 2, Class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F the structure of DNA provides a mechanism of heredity

A

true!

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2
Q

a heredity unit consisting of a sequence of DNA is known as a

A

gene

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3
Q

t/f genes occupy a specific location on the chromosome

A

true

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4
Q

what is a genome

A

the complete set of infomation in an organisms DNA for all the protien and RNA molecules the organism will ever synthesize

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5
Q

how many genes do we have

A

over 25,000

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6
Q

how many pairs of choromosomes do we havie

A

22 pairs plus 2 sex

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7
Q

what happens to chromosomes during cell division

A

become condensed into compact like structure visible in light microscore

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8
Q

how many chromosomes do we have

A

46

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9
Q

whats a chromatid

A

one of the 2 copies of the duplicated chromosome formed by DNA replication during the s phase

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10
Q

where are sister chromatids joined

A

the centromere

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11
Q

during what phase do we see sister chromatids

A

the s phase

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12
Q

define chromatin

A

complex of DNA, histones and non histonen proteins found in the nucleus of the cell

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13
Q

define: complex of DNA, histones and non histone proteins found in the nucleus of the cell

A

chromatin

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14
Q

how many types of chromatin are there and list them

A

2, heterochromatin, euchromatin

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15
Q

the region of the chromosome that remains in the form that is unusually condensend and is transcriptionally inactive is

A

heterochromatin

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16
Q

which is transcriptionally active. Hetero or euchromatin

A

euchromatin

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17
Q

xy is a ____

A

male

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18
Q

xx is a ___

A

female

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19
Q

what are the red nobs at the end of chromosomes

A

indicate the position of the genes that encode ribosomal RNA

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20
Q

P refers to which arm of the chromosome

A

short arm

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21
Q

q refers to which arm of the chromosome

A

long arm

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22
Q

T/F size of the chromosome determines the size of the species

A

false

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23
Q

T/F chromosomes look the same during the entire cell cycle

A

false !

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24
Q

at the end of mitosis how many cells will you have and will they be identical ?

A

2 and yes

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25
Q

at the end of meiosis how many cells will you have and will they be identical ?

A

4 and no

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26
Q

The dipoloid chromosome number in standard lab mice is 40. What is the n for this organism ?

A

20

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27
Q

If you investigate cells from a lab mouse with 40 chromosomes you would find a total of ___ sister chromatides first after the ___stage

A

80, s

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28
Q

how many different possible gametes are there with 23 chromosomes

A

8 million

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29
Q

what enables more genetic diversity in humans

A

crossing over

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30
Q

t/f crossing over occurs at specific locations on the chromosome

A

false , they occur at random locations

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31
Q

describe how crossing over works

A

exchange of equivalent secitons between homologous chromosomes

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32
Q

a chromosomal disorder resulting from a partial or complete extra copy of chromosome 21 is is

A

down syndrome

33
Q

is a gamete haploid or diploid

A

haploid

34
Q

the mistake in down syndrome happens during

A

meosis II

35
Q

are the coding regions on DNA large or small

A

small, most is junk

36
Q

how many genes do we have

A

25,000

37
Q

how many exons per gene do we have

A

10.4

38
Q

the % of dna sequence in exons is about …

A

1.5%

39
Q

what is a pseudogene and how many are there

A

> 20,000 , stop codons, trunkated, basically fucked of non coding

40
Q

what percentage is repetitive

A

50%

41
Q

lines and sines are also known as

A

retro viral like elements

42
Q

how many bp for line element

A

6000+

43
Q

does line or sine encode reverse transcriptase

A

line

44
Q

LINES are transcribed by

A

RNA pol II

45
Q

lines make up what perentage of the genome

A

17%

46
Q

sines are made up of how many bp

A

500

47
Q

do SINES encode reverse transcriptase

A

no

48
Q

SINES are encoded by

A

RNA poly III

49
Q

SINES make up what % of genoome

A

11%

50
Q

the most abundant SINE elements are

A

ALU elements

51
Q

are ALU elements lines or sines

A

SINE

52
Q

how many ALU elements in human genome

A

1 million

53
Q

T.F alu elements can cause genetic disorders

A

true

54
Q

what are 3 possible funcitons of SINES and lines

A
  1. gene regulaiton
  2. genetic variation
  3. selfish, replicate and spread
55
Q

what are the 3 things important for chromosome maintaince

A

telomere, centromere, replication origin

56
Q

the constricted region of the chromosome that holds sister chromatids together is called

A

the centromere

57
Q

the ends of the chromosome is called the

A

telomere

58
Q

what repetitive sequences are found out the end of telomeres

A

GGGGTTGG

59
Q

how many centromeres on chromosome

A

1

60
Q

how many telmeres found on chromosome

A

2

61
Q

how many origin of replications found on eukchrom

A

multiple

62
Q

how many nucleotide pairs are found on dna

A

200

63
Q

what 4 things form the histone core

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

64
Q

DNA . is packaged into ___. these are packed to form a 30 nm fiber

A

nucleosomes

65
Q

what is condensins

A

protein that helps with chromatin binding

66
Q

what is the purpose of chromatin loops in human chromosomes

A

high level expression of genes in loops

67
Q

in a typical euk cell would you expect to find more molecules of HI histone or more molecules of H2A histone?

A

H2A, we only have 1 H1 , and 2 copies of H2A

68
Q

Changes in DNA is called

A

genetic inheritance

69
Q

Changes in Chromatin is called

A

epigenetic inheritance

70
Q

what does epigenetic inheritance refer to

A

changes in chromatin

71
Q

what are the 3 kinds of histone modifications

A

acetylation , methylation, phosphorylation

72
Q

T/F histone modifications are irreversible

A

false, they are reversible

73
Q

what is the function of aceytlaiton on chromatin

A

loosens chromatin structure

74
Q

histone modificaitons help to recruit more,,,,

A

gene regulatory proteins

75
Q

on what specific part of the histone do modificaitons take place

A

on the LYSINE

76
Q

A methylation on a lysine of a histone means

A

gene silencing

77
Q

what is the histone code reader writer complex

A

an enzyme that creates a specific modification

78
Q

what is the funciton of the chromatin remodeling complex?

A

IDK look this shit up

79
Q

list 3 things you will see in the centromere region of the chromosome

A

microtubules, H3 variant, H3

Meharry Bio (17 decks)

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